Health Care Providers in Different Religions Essay

Health Care Providers in Different Religions - Essay Example In many cases however, one does encounter a variety of different faiths when seeking out health care. In Christianity there are seven aspects of providing health care to patients. All of these are tied to religion and the Holy Bible and its sayings. The first is a moral code of conduct and justification that will guide health care providers to tend to patients in a manner that is in alignment with religion. Such as the fact that they cannot present life threatening drugs or force people to take a drug that may cause death. At the same time, women cannot be advised of abortion etc. Secondly the doctor patient relationship needs to be built on the element of trust; the patient is entitled to receive all the information regarding treatment, health care and any aspect of a procedure that they have to undergo. Even though the provider is the true healer and is believed to be so by the patient as well, all sides of the story is a duty of the doctor to the patient. Thirdly, patients are aut onomous, that is, they are allowed to make any decision they want to, after being presented all the facts of the situation. At the same time, health care providers have to act like good citizens, taking it on their conscience to care for the patient and heal them; and not just go through with this procedure in a mechanical fashion, but to be caring and loving and compassionate towards the patient. God will only show mercy to him who showed mercy on his creation, and so providers need to offer not just treatment but compassion and mercy to patients, praying for their well-being and taking it as a duty as God’s servants to take care of his creation. At the same time there is the concept of non-maleficence in Christianity; which essentially translates into â€Å"never harm anyone.† According to this principle, health care providers need to be such that they give the right kind of prescription to the right patient and they need to assess whether a particular treatment woul d harm or benefit the patient in question. Christianity also believes in the principle of justice. Therefore patients are all to be treated equally and fairly, and treated till depth of the provider’s ability as that is their right as not just patients of the doctor, but also as human beings. He is also to provide access to the patients to health care if he himself cannot suffice. Lastly, it is believed that one, no matter what profession he follows, must have a character of integrity and virtue, so that no matter who he is dealing with, he will uphold his virtuous character and refer to the Bible and never wander from what it deems to be right and wrong. (Benedict M. Ashley, 2006) It is the general view, that all the principles aforementioned should be followed, whether the person seeking treatment is a Christian or otherwise. Doctors need to be compassionate, caring, try their best to bring the proper and complete treatment to their patients, while at the same time, upholdi ng the ethics of their profession, that is, anything that can cause harm to their patients is supposed to be out of the question. However, some cultures and religions have different aspects or an addition to the aforementioned principles. Buddhism originated through the concept of suffering, the state of the soul being in trouble rather than the body being in any agony. The Buddhists believe in both technique and discipline, and those principles along with the eight fold path determine all other aspects of life even health care. The eight fold path includes right speech, right view, right

Iraq and Palestine Essay Example for Free

Iraq and Palestine Essay Since 2003, after the four devastating years of Iraq invasion, Bill Moyers’ journal on â€Å"Buying the War† stabbed to grasp the mainstream US media held responsible for its connivance in advertising the ‘war on Iraq’ to the public of US. Moyers recognized how the US media, with the main role of ‘The New York Times’, yielded to fiscal and political stress, gave ways to an environment of nationalism and trepidation of terrorism, and naively reported bogus US government assertions. Sadly, despite all the terrible results of 60 years of Israelis bullying the Palestinians, there is still no major movement to grab the US mainstream media held answerable for an equivalent, incredible failure in covering Israelis and Palestinians conflict and for its involvement in the U. S. naive backing for Israel. Moyers’ study of the US media breakdown on Iraq was costly, yet imperfect. He elucidated that to instigate the assault on Iraq â€Å"high officials†¦ needed a compliant press, to pass on their propaganda as news and cheer them on. our press largely surrendered its independence and skepticism to join with our government in marching to war. † Bob Simon of CBS put in plain words to Moyers that the U. S. administration used selling skills to put up war for sale: â€Å"Just repeat it and repeat it and repeat it†¦ Keep that drumming going. † Media columnist Norman Solomon informed Moyers that he thought these [news] managers were scared stiff of being called yielding on terrorism. Moyers gave many instances of ‘The New York Times’ conveying fake shrewdness on Iraq to the public of US. However, still Moyers stated that the now villainous ‘neoconservatives’ had long sought to change the Middle East, starting with the exclusion of Saddam Hussein, Moyers passed over a central reason for why the administration’s case for war echoed with both the US media as well as public. It was based in broadly-held typecasts about Arabs, Muslims and the Middle East, statements which are also necessary to realize US policy in Israel and Palestine. In his classic 1978 book â€Å"Orientalism†, Palestinian-American scholar Edward Sa’id asserted: The Western understanding of Arabs, Muslims and the Middle East is a product of colonialism, and that Westerners outlook the East as innately substandard and reliant on salvation. The US case for ‘war in Iraq’ hinged on orientalists statements that the Middle East was an undistinguished province of Arabs and Muslims who, lacking any history account or valid complaints, are overcome by an illogically aggressive nature as well as loathing of the West, Israel,’ freedom and democracy’ (Edward Sa’id 1978). Though Moyers didn’t, the neo-cons repeatedly sketched the relationship between Iraq and Israel, stating: â€Å"The way towards Jerusalem crosses Baghdad†. And in Israel, the other main settlement in â€Å"the war on terror,† chauvinistic philosophy and politically spoiled intelligence are also hard-pressed by the administration and gullibly reported by US media channels like ‘The New York Times’ – as, an April 11, 2007 Times news article by Isabel Kershner titled improvable assertions by Israel’s Shin Bet that it had disenchanted a huge Hamas suicide-bombing planned for Passover. The article mainly overlooked Palestinian rebuffs reported on the same day in the Israeli paper Ha’aretz Daily. The Shin Bet assertion appeared to value uncertainty considering the Palestinian refutations and Hamas’ verdict two years ago to stop the progress of sweeping attacks. Certainly, Hamas’ implication on such a huge-scale bombing plan would have approached at a fitting moment for Israel. Following the 16 months throughout which 27 Israelis were murdered by Palestinians, the lowest sum in over 6 years, Israel is thrashing about to stop the breakup of the global boycott of the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority and to see off continual peace proposals from the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Saudi Arabia and the Arab League. The Israeli administration has been feeding the media narratives saying that the calm is a trick, which Hamas is making use of it to support and prepare invasions and that Israel will then be enforced to rise a major attack of Gaza soon. The Times has published at least 4 other articles rumbling these Israeli administration claims since March 2007 .

hitlers willing executioners :: essays research papers

Daniel Jonah Goldhagen born in 1959 is an American political scientist most famous for his book, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, which hypothesizes that all ordinary Germans were actively in favor of the holocaust because of the supposedly unique and virulent "eliminationist" anti-Semitism that was a part of the common consciousness in Germany throughout history. He claims that this special mentality cannot be fully understood by non-Germans and that it was unique to Germany; eliminationist anti-Semitism grew out of medieval attitudes that were religiously based. Later they became more secularly based, but the anti-Semitism remained the same. Goldhagen holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard University and was a professor at Harvard for many years. He is the winner of Germany’s highly prestigious triennial Democracy Prize and currently a member of Harvard's Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies. In the book Hitler’s Willing Executioners, Daniel Goldhagen uses primary and secondary sources. Goldhagen traces origin & scrutinizes essence of anti-Semitism from its origins over 1,000 years ago, manifest in non-Jewish Christian civilization at beginning of the Crusades (Jews characterized as non-Christian Christ killers); throughout the Middle Ages into early modern Europe. He gives a clear insight of how Jews were tortured describing every gruesome detail. Though Goldhagen utilizes many original sources, some sources seem to come from his head. For example: The author titled the book Hitler’s â€Å"Willing† Executioners assuming that all Nazi’s were enthusiastic to kill Jews. It seems as though he carefully gathered all the information he could find about the Holocaust to make this piece of art into such a great novel. He allows the reader to comprehend how he fells personally about different situations mentioned throughout the book. Though he states his opinion on several occurrences throughout the book, he backs them up with credible facts. Hitler’s Willing Executioners is well written, easy to read and clearly defined. The issue is not the fact that the Germans were anti-Semitic, but rather that any human or group of humans could turn against a group of people so vehemently and so horribly. The vocabulary is somewhat easy to comprehend. Goldhagen's thesis, which he rides awfully hard, is that ordinary Germans were quite likely to be anti-Semitic because anti-Semitism, abetted by the Nazi high command, so thoroughly pervaded German culture. Goldhagen's account is centered on events in World War II and does not, foreground his thesis.

A Memory

Remembered Event A remembered event is when something important and interesting happens in a person’s life. These days will leave good memories and emotions in people’s mind and it will be memorable forever. These days are usually one that people will always want to talk about and remember every moment of it. One of the most remembered events in my life is the birth of my brother. It was March, 2008 when I found out that my mother is pregnant.I was upset at the beginning, because all my life I was the only child in my family and I was kind of mad, because I realized that now my parents will pay attention at the new child, leaving me as the second plan. Up until December, I had bad relationships with my parents, especially with my mother. Then, it was the beginning of December and I went on vacation with my aunt for a few weeks. One day before we had to come back to Moscow, my grandmother called me and said that my mother is in the hospital and that she will most likely have the baby the next day.We already knew that it will be a boy. The next day I had my flight and we stopped half way because we had some problems with the plane, so I decided to call my parents and let them know about this situation. When I talked to my parents and my grandmother they told me that I have a baby brother now. At this moment something happened to me and everything changed inside. I was so happy to hear the good news. I was thinking about this the rest of my flight and I wanted to get home faster to go and see my brother.Next day, when I got home, my grandmother and I decided to go and visit my mother and brother at the hospital. I could not wait to get there, because I was really excited to see my baby brother for the first time. Finally when we got there, I met my mother and after that the doctor brought in my little brother. The first moment when I saw him I was so happy and I took him into my hands. He was so small and he looked like me with his blue eyes and blon d hair. I almost cried at this moment. I realized that now he is the most important person in my life and he will be very close to me all my life.We will be always together now and be able help to each other. Now, my brother is 4 years old. Those years passed very fast. Sometimes I do not like him at all and I can fight with him. He is very annoying sometimes because he has bad character and he is very active. It is too hard with him sometimes, but no matter what I understand he is still very little and of course he will change. I am very thankful to my mother now that I have him. I do not know how my life will be even in the future without him. Now, I will always have support from his side.The past year I spent in America and throughout this time I cannot see how he is growing up like I used to. I am so sad because I cannot see him now, at the most interesting time and age for children. But I still call my parents every day and I can see him and talk with him. December, 2008 change d my life completely with my brother’s birth. I am the happiest person because I have him. It was my big mistake at the beginning, when I was getting mad at my parents and did not want to have a brother or sister. After his birth all my family became more and more important for me.Me and my brother 14 years apart, but this is very good for both of us because he will learn so much from me and I will always protect him. He also will help me with everything and we will be together when we will have problems, help each other and be around our parents when they will be older. I think, it is very important in life to have brother or sister no matter if they are younger, older or same age. Still, this is a person for support, to grow up together with, and to learn something from each other.

Writing and Book Title

Crumples, and Crumples are either Bumpkins or Dumps. Based on this Information. Which of the following statements is/are true? L. II. Ill. IV A BCC A Bumpkin cannot be a Limpkin A Dumpling is always a Crumple A Limpkin can be a Rumple A Rumple can be a Dumpling I, II and Ill only I and IV only Ill and IV only Ill only Questions 2 and 3 refer to the following stimulus.Teachers from Bentley High School are concerned that students show many signs of redness and lack of concentration during the school day, and have blamed the Introduction of TV, Backbone and Namespace as the fundamental cause. A team of researchers, led by Dry Roy Peters, came in to assess the claim of the teachers by conducting a professional study. Dry Peters compiled 80 students at random from Year 9 of the school, and he formed four groups. Group 1 consisted of 20 students who were banned from watching TV for a month.Group 2 consisted of 20 students banned from accessing Backbone for a month. Group 3 consisted of 20 students manned from accessing Namespace for a month. Finally, Group 4 consisted of 20 students banned from watching TV, and banned from accessing Backbone and Namespace. English, Comparative, Guidelines Based on some recent emails, there seems to be a lot of confusion when it comes to approaching the comparative study essay. Understandably, it is quite hard to organism your knowledge of these texts and make it into a coherent comparative.I felt there was no point in trying to write a sample essay, as everyone Is studying different texts. But here Is the bread and butter of It all†¦ In essence, you will be asked to write along the following essay titles (â€Å"modes of comparison†): – cultural context – vision and viewpoint – theme or Issue as explored in 3 texts. Usually 2 of 3 come up every year. This is an artificial division in terms of essay titles. You will end up writing about similar things In each of these essay. Just taking a different angl e each time.A comparative is just that ; don't try to impress the examiner with your in-depth knowledge of the texts – compare them, its okay to be a little superficial, but try to hit the three texts from all the different angles of comparison. To gain an understanding of the kind of organizing you need to do, have a look at my old notes: Comparative road map – my own scribbles. Click on image to enlarge. Don't try to read the details here (this sheet was filled out on the other side too). Just note how I had my 3 texts up across and issues/visions/cultural matters down.

A Vicious Act of Intolerance against Humanity essays

A Vicious Act of Intolerance against Humanity essays A Vicious Act of Intolerance and Terror On Tuesday, the 11th of September a horrible and hardly explainable act of terror took place in the United States. Casualties are hard to count but approximate numbers show that more human lives have been lost only in World War II. It is unacceptable action by inhumane people or person who completely disrespect and avoid simplest signs of humanity. This act was a shock to every normal person all around the world. Many people till this moment have not accepted the fact that the center of financial actions has been destroyed and an attack on the world's largest military headquarters has been made. I was having lunch at a restaurant with my girlfriend when my friend called me from the US, he said "I am in a bus to work and I see two big torches in Manhattan." At first I thought he is just kidding but he was convincing me that both towers of WTC are in flames. We talked a little longer and on the phone I heard police and ambulance sirens that overtook our dialog every ten seconds I understood that something really has happened. After the phonetalk I asked the bartender to turn on news. I was amazed by what I saw - the Twin Towers were actually in flames and after some time both towers collapsed one after another. A lot of people ask themselves how could something like this happen at the beginning of twenty- first century when security systems are supposed to be safer than ever before. After latest actions how can a person be sure that one nice day a Boeing 767 will not come flying through his office window? This act of terror appears to be probably the most well planned and executed in the history. I believe that the person and organization that stands behind these terrifying acts shall be caught and punished. I completely support and advise America's revenge to Osama bin Laden who actually promised to attack US and now it would not be reasonable to suspect anyone else. ...

Raise Your Writing That Extra Notch

Raise Your Writing That Extra Notch No matter what we write, we want our readers to take value away from the experience of reading our words. That value can come from a wells of such down-to-earth tools are quotations, case studies, literature summaries, statistics, visuals, graphics, interviews, observations, etc.Finally, learn how to expand your discussion/argument by carrying both to a higher level. Many times, a writer offers a wonderful argument or makes an excellent point related to his or her subject or thesis. Then the writer simply stops with that brilliant statement and does not expand it in any way. Ask yourself, What comes next? What does the statement mean? How does it relate to my thesis or the conclusion Im working toward? Its important to clarify or define a good point, so it doesnt get lost. The reader needs to see the development of an idea, so as to understand the relationship of that one idea to the whole paper. Its also important to present opposition or alternatives and discuss why either or both are useful or not so useful to an understanding of the thesis and its final rendition.For instance, when you present a quote, dont just present it and move on. Discuss the meaning of the quote. Put it in context, and relate it to other quotes and other parts of your discussion. In that way, the level of your writing is raised an additional intellectual notch and becomes more meaningful. Such expansion of thought presents alternative viewpoints and details that are valuable to drawing the final conclusions of either an argument or the entire paper. Using this technique raises the entire scope of the writing to another level. The reader will take away a more complete understanding of the entire document and your point of view as its author.Whether you are writing an essay or a research paper, composing a poem or a letter, documenting technical material, or developing a proposal, it is important to try to raise the level of your writing using the techniques presented here. Doing so wil l communicate the ideas that inspired you and raise your writing that important extra notch. You will be able to communicate your ideas in greater depth and with increased passion; both you as the writer and your reader as the listener will benefit enormously.

20 Key Writing Tips to Become a Better Writer Today

20 Key Writing Tips to Become a Better Writer Today 20 Writing Tips to Improve Your Craft â€Å"The pen is mightier than the sword.† Writer Edgar Bulwer-Lytton made this keen observation nearly 200 years ago, but it remains just as true today. Writing is one of the most powerful mediums in existence, and a seemingly simple story can change countless lives - which is why so many of us choose to be writers in the first place.But sometimes it can be difficult to find the right words, to tell the story the way you want, or to start writing in the first place. That’s why we’ve compiled these 20 essential writing tips for writers like you: artists who want to hone their craft to perfection, so they can tell their stories as effectively as possible.Some of these tips are directly narrative-related, while others are more about the mentality and setting you need to cultivate in order to write. But all have one crucial thing in common: if you take them to heart, they’ll help you become a much better writer - and maybe even pen the book of your dreams. We’ll start with the story tips, then move into more technique-related advice to help you on your writing journey.If you prefer your tips in watchable form, check out this video on great writing tips that no one else will tell you. 1. Even pantsers need to planLet’s begin with an age-old question: are you a plotter or a pantser?If you’ve never heard these terms before, allow us to explain. Pantsers are writers who â€Å"fly by the seat of their pants,† i.e. start writing without preparing too much and simply trust that everything will work out. At the other end of the spectrum are plotters, who plan and outline their story extensively before they begin to write.Which is the better way forward? Well, it’s different for everyone - what works for you may not necessarily work for another writer you know.That said, experience has taught us that a little bit of planning goes a long way. That’s why we always advise some form of preparation, even if it’s just a few nuggets of your plot, before you dive into writing. Pantsers, we know it’ll be hard, but you can do it!2. Keep your outline in mindOnce you’ve prepared an outline, it’s important to actually use it. This may seem obvious, but it's seemingly one of the hardest-to-remember writing tips out there - which is why we've put it so high on our list!Many writers find themselves led astray by subplots and secondary characters, wandering into lengthy supplementary chapters that don’t really go anywhere. Then when they try to get back to the main plot, they find they’re already too far gone.Keeping your outline in mind at all times will help you avoid these disastrous detours. Even if you stray a little, you should be able to look at your outline and articulate exactly how you’ll get back to what you planned. This is especially crucial late in the writing process, when it can be hard to remember your original vision - so if you have doubts about your ability to remember your outline, definitely write it down.3. Introduce conflict earlyOf all the core elements in your story, conflict is perhaps the most important to emphasize. Conflict lies at the heart of every good narrative, creating tension that prompts people to read until the very end. So make sure readers know what your conflict is within the first few chapters!The best way to do this is through an early inciting incident, wherein the main character has a revelation and/or becomes involved in something big. For example, in The Hunger Games, the inciting incident is Katniss volunteering for the Games. Though our heroine has always held anti-Capitol views, this incident forces her to take direct action against them, launching the conflict (Katniss vs. Capitol) that will drive the next three books.Finally, remember that there are many different types of conflict. So if you have no idea what your conflict is, don’t worry; it’s probably just unconventional. For instance, your main conflict might be one that unfolds within your narrator (character vs. self), or against some large, nebulous force (like character vs. technology). But whatever it is, try to be conscious of when you introduce it and how.4. Control the pacingNothing ruins a good story like poor pacing. Even if you’ve got the most well-rounded characters, interesting plot, and sizzling conflict in literary history, sluggish pacing can still make all of it moot. So make sure you control the pacing in your story, lest readers lose interest and put down your book in frustration!In order to combat slow pacing, you’ll need to increase the tempo by:A) Cutting down lengthy sentences and descriptions, and B) Increasing action and dialogue.The former strategy works for one simple reason: it gets rid of filler and fluff. In extreme cases, you may have to cut a great deal of exposition in order to get to the beating heart of your story. This may be painful, but trust us - your readers will appreciate not having to trudge through 50 pages of buildup before your inciting incident.As for the latter, it might seem like adding more content is counterintuitive to a quicker pace. But because action and dialogue move the story forward in a concrete manner, you can always rely on them to improve slow pacing.5. Fine-tune your dialogueSpeaking of dialogue,  it's pretty critical to most stories, especially in terms of drawing in readers. Indeed, a conversation between characters is usually much more intriguing and impactful than a narrator relaying similar information.But dialogue loses its impact if the conversation goes on for too long - so for better, sharper dialogue, be concise. Say youâ₠¬â„¢re writing a story in which two characters have an argument. You want to be clear what they’re fighting about and connect it to other events and themes in your story, so you write something like this:â€Å"I can’t believe you were late coming home again! This is so typical. Just like when you forgot to pick up the groceries last week. Sometimes I don’t think you listen to me at all. You say you care about my feelings, but you don’t.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Well, maybe I don’t listen because you’re always yelling at me. No matter what I do, it always seems to be the wrong thing. I had a very important meeting tonight, for the record. You know I’m trying to get that promotion at work. I’m really trying my hardest here.†But this exchange is full of unnecessary details. After all, the reader should already be familiar with your characters, their relationship, and past events of the story - you don’t have to spoon-feed them the meaning of the conversation. So keep your dialogue short and pithy:â€Å"Nice of you to show up. What were you doing, if not getting groceries?† â€Å"Thanks for the warm reception. I had a meeting. Kind of an important one.†For more dialogue-specific writing tips, check out this post.You'll be back to writing in no time. (Image: Lonely Planet on Unsplash)17. Listen to feedbackNow for another one of those writing tips that we all have trouble with. Throughout the process of writing, and definitely after you’re finished, you should share your work with other people: your friends, family, writers’ groups, and your editor(s).Accepting and actioning critical feedback is, of course, one of the most difficult parts of being a writer. Yet it’s also one of the most important skills to have. Because the feedback you receive from friends and beta readers is the only window you have into other people’s views - until you publish and the reviews start flooding in, but by then it’s too late to change anything. So try not to view criticism as harsh, but as helpful. It might just save you from liter ary infamy later!On that note†¦18. Kill your darlingsSometimes you’ll pen a passage that’s so beautiful, so nuanced, so masterfully constructed that you want to frame it - but it doesn’t really contribute anything to the larger composition. It’s a tangential distraction, and you know in your heart that your work would be better off without it.What to do now? You probably know the answer, even if you don’t want to admit it: you have to kill your darlings. This most often refers to removing an irrelevant or otherwise distracting passage, but it may also be your title, an element of your narration, or even an entire character.In any case, if it doesn’t add to the narrative, consider dropping it. Of all our writing tips, this one is perhaps the most important for writers of short stories and flash fiction, since you really don’t have any room to waste! Painful as it might be, remember you can always save your â€Å"darling† t o rework for another project†¦ just not this one.19. Just keep writingHow do prolific, successful authors manage to turn out so many books? Basically, by keeping calm and carrying on. Stephen King writes 2,000 words every single day, even on holidays. Jane Austen wrote each day just after breakfast without fail. Kafka wrote in the wee hours of the morning, barely sleeping as a result.Now, as we’ve established, you don’t have to write every day, or with the same vigor as these authors. Jane Austen never had a smartphone distracting her, so that was kind of an unfair advantage. But you do need to keep writing with as much consistency and focus as possible!This is the best piece of advice we can give any writer, fiction or non-fiction, short-form or long. Remember that it’s a marathon, not a sprint, and keep your head down until you hit that final blessed page.20. Keep publishing in mindLast but certainly not least on this list of writing tips, we’ll co ver the potential of publishing your book once it’s finally finished. Many writers and writing websites advise not to think about publishing while writing, to simply write what you know/love/would want to read yourself, and worry about publishing later.But thinking about it as you write can really help move the process along! For one thing, if you go the traditional publishing route, you should consider how you might pitch your book to agents. What makes your story unique, and why would they want to represent it? If you start writing with the aim to publish, you can consciously highlight these distinctive elements in the story itself.On the other hand, if you’re thinking about self-publishing, the adventure truly does begin once you’ve finished the manuscript! After a round or two of editing, and possibly investing in a book cover, you should be set to put your book up on Amazon and start raking in readers.There are pros and cons to both these sides. Luckily, if you’ve gotten to this point, the hard part is over; you’ve managed to write the book of your dreams, and now what you do with it is up to you!And if you haven't quite gotten there yet, know that it's never too late. Writing is a lifelong struggle, but it's also one of the most rewarding things you can pursue. So go forth and tell the story you've always wanted to tell - we believe in you. âÅ" Did we miss anything? Tell us your best writing tips in the comments below!

The Impact of Information Technology on the Society Research Paper

The Impact of Information Technology on the Society - Research Paper Example Information technology was not as advanced as it is today and communication was also expensive and efficient. A few decades ago a huge revolution in communication and computing occurred which were the markers of information technology advancement. In the last few decades, swift progress in the field of technology mostly in huge internet spread made the technology even more intensive among people. These developments have changed the way many businesses operate such as education, medicine, and commerce. When the human race began to communicate with others, they were proficient in using language and also other important and simpler techniques as in drawings. The era of this sort of technique was known as pre-mechanical and no intricate communication devices were in use. As the time passed, human beings indulged in using papers, and alphabets which improve the communication devices. With the passage of time, this technique changed to the overall development of libraries and books for sto ring information. In the later years, many number systems came into being by making communication easier. The mechanization of technologies of communication made use of analog computers development as in Blaise Pascal, which Pascaline invented. In the electromechanical period, telecommunication was developed. This period was not without its innovation of telephone, radio, and telegraph. The period was taken over by the huge production of personal computers that could easily be used at offices and at homes.  ... Contemporary world followed this period which was mainly dominated by digitized computers. The modern developments involve central processing invention units with memory and logic. The personal computers came as benevolence to people (Library and Information Technology Association, 1982).   Literature review In 2012, Nasir, Sultan, and Khattak also argued that these developments in the field of information technology have paved the way for human communication expansion. This has transformed the cultures and traditions of various groups of society. Furthermore, human beings have been united by this information technology and world is now a global village. The evolution of these technologies and also rapid development of higher developed ones have been made possible. Media industry has also seen a drastic development due to this information technology. In 2012, Heinz and Hirschheim said that many fields of sciences are now enhanced due to information technology. These developments en riched the many experiences of human nature such as human interactions and business. In 2004, Onwuegbuzie and Qun said that information technology has revolutionized the system of education. These technologies were applied in many areas of education such as libraries and have made the procedures of education much easier. Furthermore, the instructors can give instruction in many areas without having to fear meeting students. Additionally, the internet and devices availability as in personal computers are a blessing for virtual students; in fact they give birth to virtual studies. Another field where information technology has its affects is the area of management sciences. The organizational

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal law - Essay Example The most important thing that needs to be point out in respect of criminal law is that it is based upon actus reus, mens rea and the absence of defences. The element of a reasonable person is required in respect of mens rea and therefore the other element that are required for the offences would not be discussed. Mens rea has been defined as a state of mind, intention or recklessness which is required for a certain crime. There is an ongoing debate and argument in respect of subjectivists and objectivists who tend to argue in different directions. The subjectivists argue that to the minimal level of serious crimes, the mental element that should be required should be awareness of the person’s actions and perceiving the surrounding circumstances as well as the results that would flow from the actus reus. On the contrary, the objectivists the argument rests on the fact that it should be sufficient mens rea if it is proved that a reasonable person would have foreseen the circumstances as well as the results that would flow from the actus reus and would therefore not be dependent on the awareness of the defendant. There have been competing claims which have been put forward by both. In respect of the subjectivists the main argument vests on the fact that there was self governance on the part of the individual who committed the crime and went contrary to the law. The objectivists on the other hand pointed out to the fact that there should be criminal punishment if it is found that his inadvertence was in respect of a substantial and obvious risk of the proscribed harm, which should have been perceived by the defendant. Even though there have been academic opinion that ‘the torch of orthodox subjectivism carried by Glanville Williams and Smith and Hogan and then by the Law Commission should be douse’ (Ashworth, POCL, p.253) it is still what is being followed in respect of serious offences and has been reiterated in the recent case of G1 where Lord Bingham said ‘it is a salutary principle that conviction of serious crime should depend on proof not simply that the defendant caused (by act or omission) an injurious result to another but that his st ate of mind when so acting was culpable. This after all, is the meaning of the familiar rule actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea. The most obviously culpable state of mind is no doubt an intention to cause the injurious result, but knowing disregard of an appreciated and unacceptable risk of causing an injurious result or a deliberate closing of the mind to such risk would be readily accepted as culpable also. It is clearly blameworthy to do something involving a risk of injury to another...’ Despite of such an obvious favour being given to the subjectivist approach, there have been objectivist elements in respect of serious offences that have been laid down expressly by House of Parliament in particular sexual offences and certain offences related to money laundering. The element of intention are central to mens rea, however, in respect of the current situation the element of recklessness would be discussed. The situation in respect of criminal law has been that for crime s it was either intention or recklessness that would lead to construal of imposition of liability. In respect of recklessness there are two main elements that need to be construed, the first one being that of subjective recklessness and the other is that of objective recklessness. For establishing subjective recklessness the test that was laid down in Cunningham2 needs to fulfilled, which basically requires that an unjustifiable risk was taken as well as proving the fact that the defendant

Business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business plan - Essay Example st of 10 pages and should include at least cursory attention to such key matters as business concept, financing needs, marketing plan, balance sheet etc. It’s a good way to test the interest of potential partner or minor investor. The working plan is a tool to be used to operate the business. It may be long detail but short on presentation. A presentation plan differs from that more attention is paid to attractive formatting formal language and conciseness. It is suitable to show to bankers, investors outside the company. We proposed to plan a business based on kitchenware items dealing with import and distribution but not for retailing and it excludes electricals.Cleaner, sophisticated and an enjoyable kitchen ware would make cooking a convenient experience. Large facilities for manufacturing and storage enable to produce a wide range of kitchen accessories.Varieties are brought in different designs, shapes and sizes. The strength of these products depends on value-added high quality kitchen accessories. The overall tariff rate is relatively low; it imposes high tariffs on certain products. It is the market segment to which a particular product is marketed. There are mainly three steps to targeting: - Market Segmentation, Target Choice, Product Positioning. According to the United Kingdom’s Department of Commerce the entire trade is goes on developing nowadays. In setting a foundation on which a suitable market strategy for kitchen ware accessories have to face lot of competition. In order to compete with their own competitor’s adequate market segmentation is essential. It is important that the industry is geographically located with most of the client working on a local basis. Strategy and implementation summary of marketing says that image is the key factor for employees, because their work is more desirable and less price sensitive. 1) Advertising: - It is a paid form of services that are exclusively payable while incurring certain benefits.

Respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Respond - Essay Example In her responses to the questions asked in the quiz, the writer makes it clear that those around her are very (if not the most) important people her line of work. In her previous experience she worked with someone whose communication skills were wanting and she doesn’t want a repeat of the same with both her superiors and colleagues at work. She is also honest with herself and admits that patience is a skill that she will need to develop farther as she seeks to improve herself and become a more effective communicator. She is proud of the communication skills she developed as a student in college and looks forward to using them in resolving conflicts at work. The writer is honest with herself and admits that she lacks the confidence to speak in front of people. This stems from her lack of confidence in her abilities and probably the fear of making mistakes. Not all is lost, however. Teaching has made her confidence grow day by day. Rightly so, she is optimistic that the progress will lead to better careers opportunities for her in future, as long as the progress and growth continues

Special topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Special topics - Essay Example While trying to maintain a balance with justice by providing food and medicine sources, peacekeeping and justice cannot work together in these instances. Bratt writes, â€Å"Although we may find that peace can exist without justice, there will never be justice without peace.† Through his extensive list of examples, Bratt proves this point. Justice is entirely dependent on the creation of peace in a state at war and cannot be executed correctly without peace. Bratt calls upon numerous examples to demonstrate his point. For example, the issue with picking a side to punish in the aftermath of war often encourages groups to keep fighting. The side that is punished is the result of a loss, not necessarily the group that committed the most atrocities. This also brings new challenges to justice seeking missions because supplying food, water, medicine, and even arms only perpetuates the desire to fight. Also, the image of imperialism can be seen through peacekeeping missions, especially with the presence of the Permanent Five many of which were once colonizers of areas with internal strife. Peacekeeping then takes on a whole new image and convolutes the issue between justice and peace even more. Bratt’s argument is convincing even though it advocates administering justice after peace. The question of preserving human life cannot be answered solely through the search for justice, but must be supported by a pact of peace between warring fa ctions within a country. The NIEO or New International Economic Organization was a product of the Second World War and the United Nations first attempt to address the issue of world economic inequality. The General Assembly convened in order to study the world economic problems especially the role of wealthier countries in the development or underdevelopment of smaller and economically inferior nations. The western world’s preoccupation with oil was a deciding force in the change of ideology behind the

On the Control People Have Over Their Behavior, Emotions, and Thoughts Essay

On the Control People Have Over Their Behavior, Emotions, and Thoughts - Essay Example If he is in control, just how much control does he have over these aspects of himself? This paper takes the position that we do not know what we are doing in most situations. We are not in control (Armstrong 22-38; Thurman 460-473; Stout 381-398). It is interesting how the different authors portray man. In a way their portrayal also defines what it means for man to be free, and just how free he is in reality. Armstrong, for one, notes that man is not totally free to be anything, because he is hardwired to look for God. He is a religious being as much as he is descended from apes and has that particular anatomy. There in that vision of man there seems to be already a defining and a limiting of what man can be. He is not free to be anything he wants to be. He must by his very nature act, think and feel in accordance with his wiring. That wiring includes looking for God. Thurman also seems to think the same way, in a sense. He says that in essence the ego or the individual is not in con trol of himself, because the ego is always in flux. He is a bundle of passing thoughts, feelings, and actions. Stout seems to say the same thing, in the language of trauma and the human brain. She is saying that trauma, for instance, can affect the way people perceive the world. Trauma changes the way the brain is wired. It is so that people are not in control of the way they react to things that remind them of traumatic events (Armstrong 22-38; Thurman 460-473; Stout 381-398). Discussion Reading Stout, for instance, we come face to face with just how vulnerable man is to trauma. Trauma can reshape the brain itself. With the brain reshaped, a person’s thoughts and feelings are affected. Of course with the thoughts affected and changed in profound ways, actions are likewise reshaped and affected. We see that man can be so affected by trauma as to be unaware that he is acting out of reason, for instance. It can be also that man can be unaware that he is acting out of a reaction to a past traumatic event. How much control does man have in this instance? Obviously man is not much in control. To be aware means to know that one’s actions are coming from a deep-rooted fear. People who experienced trauma sometimes do not know that. They are unconscious of the effect that fear and memory have on their feelings, thoughts and actions: â€Å" †¦ nor do we comprehend how swampy and vitality-sucking some of our memories really are†¦in the course of a lifetime such â€Å"protective† mental reactions acquire tremendous habit strength† (Stout 384).Stout’s point is that there is much in man that he is not even aware of. Those things that he is not aware of largely control him. Those things affect how he feels and how he thinks. Those things affect how he reacts to the world and to his life as that life unfolds. So to the question of whether man knows what he is doing in most situations, it seems the answer from Stout is no. I agree. An ordinary man cannot know what all of his hidden fears are. Sometimes even when he thinks he knows he does not really know why he acts the way he does. Sometimes I feel sad for no reason at all, after hearing an old song, for instance. It may be that deep in my memory there is something about the song that I associate with something sad or unpleasant. It may be even something that I was afraid of at some point that I associate with the song. It may be something traumatic that I cannot fully understand. Armstrong has a

Special topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Special topics - Essay Example While trying to maintain a balance with justice by providing food and medicine sources, peacekeeping and justice cannot work together in these instances. Bratt writes, â€Å"Although we may find that peace can exist without justice, there will never be justice without peace.† Through his extensive list of examples, Bratt proves this point. Justice is entirely dependent on the creation of peace in a state at war and cannot be executed correctly without peace. Bratt calls upon numerous examples to demonstrate his point. For example, the issue with picking a side to punish in the aftermath of war often encourages groups to keep fighting. The side that is punished is the result of a loss, not necessarily the group that committed the most atrocities. This also brings new challenges to justice seeking missions because supplying food, water, medicine, and even arms only perpetuates the desire to fight. Also, the image of imperialism can be seen through peacekeeping missions, especially with the presence of the Permanent Five many of which were once colonizers of areas with internal strife. Peacekeeping then takes on a whole new image and convolutes the issue between justice and peace even more. Bratt’s argument is convincing even though it advocates administering justice after peace. The question of preserving human life cannot be answered solely through the search for justice, but must be supported by a pact of peace between warring fa ctions within a country. The NIEO or New International Economic Organization was a product of the Second World War and the United Nations first attempt to address the issue of world economic inequality. The General Assembly convened in order to study the world economic problems especially the role of wealthier countries in the development or underdevelopment of smaller and economically inferior nations. The western world’s preoccupation with oil was a deciding force in the change of ideology behind the

A Forecast Of Ted Rallley's Company Auto Sales Assignment - 2

A Forecast of Ted Rallley's Company Auto Sales - Assignment Example It also indicates that additive holt-winter model is the second best model in forecasting the auto sales parts of Ted Rallleys company. As the economy change keeps on declining, every play of the economy grows experience the falling trend. The automotive industry depended much on the economic boom. This decline in the economic growth has a negative effect on the automotive industry (Bruns, W. J., & Waterhouse, J. H.,1975). The distributors of the automotive parts have continued to experience heavy losses. And capacity caused by cuts caused by the automakers. The distributors are also facing costly energy and material constraints. It has been raised by the economic analysis that the automotive industry that used to raise over $72 billion has been of the pathetic point since the county has set it on the chapter 11 law of protection. There will be an increasing rise in the number of bankruptcies. A lot of challenges is faced by the distributors of the USA since it very difficult to penetrate the supply chain marker as the chains were established long ago with home marketers. With the economy continuously deteriorating e veryone seems to be getting hurt financially, even the automotive industry, which has to deepen the economic recession. Automotive part suppliers continued to experience heavy debt and overcapacity caused by production cuts by automakers, specifically including the big 3 (Ford Motor Company, General Motors, and Chrysler).

Best Day Essay Example for Free

Best Day Essay Have you ever felt the emotion when you are going to see your favorite band or singer alive in a concert. This happened to me when I went to Sofia last year to see one of my favorite singers Enrique Iglesias. It was fantastic experience that I will never forget. The day was near, it was ten days befor the concert, and every day I asked my father for permission and money. One day he finally said â€Å"yes†, and he gave me the money. He told me that it was the gift for my birthday. I was so happy and immediately called my friend to tell her about the news. The next day we bought our tickets and we were waiting for the big day.We couldn’t believe that we would be in the most waited concert on September 29th , we never thought that in few hours, we would sing all the song of our favorite singer. When we arrived,we sat in the chairs, and we were waiting for Enrique. The lights turned off and all the auditory screamed like they were crazy. The orchestra began to play one of my favorite songs. The best singer appeared in the scene. That moment was so awesome and exciting for me, and everyone was all of the songs. In conclusion, I will tell tha, the concert was a big experience for me and I was so happy. At the end, we bought some souvenirs from the concert, like a shirt, some posters and a cup. The concert finished at 12 p.m. and we came back to our town with an experience that I will never forget. I will remember this moment as if it had been yesterday.

The Difference In Physical And Chemical Properties

The Difference In Physical And Chemical Properties Everything type matter is branded in the physical world with properties that define what it is and how it behaves when in the presence of other substances. These properties give the substance, whatever it may be, its own distinctive features that can be used to identify it. These properties can be determined by measuring and observing the material under different conditions. But any substance will have not just one set of properties, but two sets of different properties. These two sets will be physical properties and chemical properties. A physical property is a feature of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. Many of these properties are properties that we can see with our eyes or feel with our hands, such as texture, shape, color, size, or smoothness. Even things such as conductivity, malleability, and ductility are physical properties. There are also two different kinds of physical properties. Intensive physical properties are features that will be the same no matter how much of the substance is present. On the other hand, extensive physical properties are properties that do depend on the amount of the substance present, such as mass, volume, length, and height. These are all physical properties because they can all be observed without making the substance into a different substance. As soon as the substance is turned into a different substance, it is considered a chemical property. Chemical properties describe the ability of a substance to change its identity. Anything that can be done to a substance that will change its identity is considered a chemical property, such as its flammability (in case of a fire) or its reactivity (how it reacts to other chemicals). If a substance changed into a different substance through a chemical reaction, then it has a chemical property related to that change. The change it went through is a chemical change. Chemical changes can also be called chemical reactions. In a chemical change, the identity of a substance will be changed, and it will have different properties. These changes can be shown in a chemical equation, like this: HCl + NaOH Æ’Â   NaCl + H2O This equation shows than when HCl, a strong acid, reacts with NaOH, a strong base, the chemical reaction results in sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O). Physical changes can also occur. The difference is that instead of the substance changing its identity, it changes form. After a physical change, the properties of the substance will remain the same. There are three main types of physical changes. The first is mechanical physical change, such as tearing, crushing, or breaking a substance. Second, a solution could be made, like when salt is dissolved in water. No new substances are formed even though the salt is dissolved. The salt could still be filtered out. Thirdly, changes in the state of matter are also a physical change. Water that changes from a solid to a liquid to a gas is all physical changes. The equation to show this looks like this: H2O(s) Æ’Â   H2O(l) Æ’Â   H2O(g) The letters in the subscript convey what state of matter the H2O is in. The s stands for solid, the l for liquid, and the g for gas. The reason it is a physical change is because the chemical make-up of the substance is still the same throughout. If the chemical make-up of the substance changes, then it is a chemical change. Problem: To carry out several chemical physical changes to judge whether they are chemical or physical. Hypothesis: It is expected that the chemical changes will cause much more noticeable observations Materials: -Match Eyedropper -Candle (held stationary by clay) -10 drops of 0.1 M AgNO3 (silver nitrate) -Wooden splint -One piece (about 3cm) of Magnesium (Mg) -2 Watch Glasses -10 drops of 6 M HCl (concentrated hydrochloric acid) -Small spatula of NaCl -Tongs -10 mL of water (divided up into 2, 5mL divisions) -Bunsen Burner -2 Test tubes -Mortar and Pestle -Test tube cork -CuSO45H2O (Copper II sulfate pentahydrate) -A few filings of Fe (iron) Diagrams: *On attached pages* Procedure: Light a match and use it to light a candle held stationary by a piece of clay. Observe the flame, the wick, and the wax for several minutes. Record observations. Obtain a wooden splint and break it in half. Place the end of one half of the wooden splint into the candle flame. Extinguish the flames of both the candle and the splint. Place the splint into a watch glass and observe. Record observations. Dispose of the wood in the designated waste container. Place a small spatula of NaCl (sodium chloride) into a small test tube. Add 5 mL of water. Cover the test tube with a test tube cork and shake the contents of the tube. Record observations. Save the product for Step 4. Use an eyedropper to add 10 drops of a 0.1 M AgNO3 (silver nitrate: do not get this on you!) solution to the salt-water solution which was made in Step 3. Cover the tube with a cork and fully invert several times to mix properly. Record observations. Dispose in the designated waste container. Obtain one piece of Mg (magnesium) ribbon about 3 cm long. Tear it into 2 pieces. Place one piece into a test tube. Use a pipet to add 10 drops of 6 M HCl (concentrated hydrochloric acid). Record observations. Dispose in the designated waste container. Handle the other piece of Mg with tongs. Place the Mg into the hottest part of the burner flame at the front lab table for a few minutes until a noticeable change occurs. Caution: Do not look directly into the light! Place the product on a watch glass. Record observations. Dispose in the designated waste container. Use a mortar and pestle to grind several crystals of CuSO45H2O (copper II sulfate pentahydrate) into a uniform powder. Record observations. Place a small spatula of the CuSO45H2O powder into a test tube. Add 5 mL of water, cap it with a cork, and invert fully several times to mix. Record observations. Save the product for Step 8. To the test tube containing the water and CuSO45H2O, add a few Fe (iron) filings. Cap it with a cork and invert fully several times to fully mix. Look very closely into the test tube. A keen observer gets the proper results. Record observations. Dispose in the designated waste container. Data: Step Physical Properties of Starting Materials Observations of The Change 1 Candle looks waxy, with few drops dried on the side. It is a pale white color. It appears to be slightly burnt. The bottom clay is a bright yellow and has a smooth texture. Wax on the top melts and forms a liquid. Tip of wick is a bright red color. More drips start to appear on the side of the candle. As the wax drips down, it changes from clear to pale white, while also hardening. 2 Wood is smooth, light brown in color, and very brittle. It is small and rectangular. The watch glass is clear, with cloudy material on bottom of glass. The wood starts to wilt and shrivels, while turning black, with a red tip. Little bits of ash appear. Smoke rises from the flame, and it smells faintly of ham. 3 Sodium chloride looks clear, crystalline, and very granular. Some of the NaCl sticks to the side of the container. NaCl dissolves into the water to make a solution. Clear liquid in test tube. 4 AgNO3 looks cloudy on the surface of the water. It is an opaque white color and sticks together. Seems to form a heterogeneous mixture, with white specks of AgNO3 floating in the water. The water solution became chunky and cloudy. 5 Silver in color, malleable, small, thin, rectangular in shape. It is smooth on the surfaces and kind of sharp on the corners. It is 3cm in length. Test tube gets hot; piece of magnesium starts to disintegrate. At the end, ash is left at the bottom and what looks like smoke rises from the top. Liquid looks slight yellow. 6 Piece of magnesium looks the same as above. Magnesium starts to burn and then quickly turns into a bright white light as the flame gets really intense. There is a slight change in heat because the amount of flame increased. 7 Crystals look deep blue. There is no odor present. They look smooth, but clear-cut. They hold their shape. The water turns blue and the powder is dissolved. The liquid does look see-through. 8 (see part 2 of step 7) The liquid turns into a dirty brown color. The Fe seems to sink to the bottom of the test tube. It doesnt look like Fe anymore, though. It looks like copper because of its color. Questions: Intensive properties are properties that will not change based on the amount of a substance you have. Some examples from the lab are the waxiness of the candle, the color of the magnesium, or the malleability of the magnesium. An extensive property will change based on the amount of a substance you have. Examples of these properties (from the lab) are the size of the wooden splint, the length of the magnesium strip, or the height of the candle. a. Lighting a match: Chemical. The physical make-up of the wood and its head is changed. b. Melting wax: Physical. The wax is still wax, its just in a different form. c. Burning a wick: Chemical. The wick slowly burns down and changes its make-up. d. Freezing wax: Physical. It is still wax. e. Breaking wood splint: Physical. It is still wood. f. Burning wood: Chemical. It is a different material after you burn it. g. Dissolving sodium chloride: Physical. It is still salt. You could filter the salt back out of the solution. h. Reacting NaCl and AgNO3: Chemical Change. The two compounds change their molecular make-up. i. Breaking and sanding Mg: Physical. It is still magnesium; its just in a different form. j. Burning magnesium: Chemical. The magnesium is no longer magnesium and goes through a chemical reaction. k. Adding acid to Mg: Chemical. In the reaction, the Mg is changed. l. Crushing copper II sulfate: Physical. It is still copper II sulfate; its just been changed to a different form. m. Dissolving copper II sulfate: Physical. It is still the same material. n. Adding Fe to copper II sulfate: Chemical. The Fe changed because it bonded with So4. The change involving a candle is both chemical and physical because the candle wax is melting, which is a physical change to the candle, but the candle wick is also burning, which is a chemical change. The candle wax is remaining as wax; its just changing from a solid to a liquid. When it cools down, it forms a solid again. The wick, however, never returns to its previous state after being burned. It is no longer a candle wick. Two changes in the experiment that were exothermic were the wooden splint burning and the magnesium reacting with the hydrochloric acid. Wooden splint had a flame on it (when it was burning) that gave off a lot of heat. The magnesium caused the test tube to become extremely hot. A change in the experiment that was endothermic was when we melted the candle wax. The wax had to take in a lot of energy from the flame in order to do a physical change into a liquid. In chemical changes, the formulas of reactants compare to the formulas of the product because they are different. The substances are changed in a chemical change, so their molecular make-up will also change. For example, in Step 8, we had the reactants CuSO4 and Fe. But the products werent the same. CuSO4 Æ’Â   Cu +FeSO4 The iron bonded with the SO4, leaving copper behind. In a physical change, the formulas will be the same on each side. The only thing that might change is its state of matter. H2O(s) Æ’Â   H2O(l) The chemical make-up is still the same, but it did change from a liquid to a gas. The formulas on each side have to stay the same though. Data Analysis: Based on the observations collected, 3 of the 8 steps performed were physical changes. Step 1, the burning of the candle, was surprisingly a physical change. What made this clear is that it could be observed that the wax is only melting, not changing to a different substance. Due to background information, it can be concluded that this is a physical change. Step 3 involves dissolving NaCl in water, which is also classified as a physical change. Step 7 is just like step 3 in that a substance was dissolved in water, so this is also a physical change. Several chemical changes also occurred. Step 2, the burning of the wooden splint, marked a chemical change because the step started out with a piece of wood observed as smooth, light brown in color, and very brittle. After the change, it wilted and shriveled to a black substance with all new properties. Since it has transformed into a new substance, it can be concluded that this is a chemical change. The AgNO3 in step 4 reacts with the NaCl and the H2O to form a new substance in the liquid, which creates small, floating particles. Since a new substance was formed inside the liquid, this is also a chemical change. The magnesium reacting with the acid as well as being burned in the Bunsen burner was both chemical changes because neither of the changes warranted any magnesium afterwards, so it is known that a chemical change occurred. Lastly, the CuSO4-2 reacted with the Fe+2 to create different substances, namely Cu and FeSO4. It can therefore be concluded that this was also a chemical change. Error: A few things may have caused errors in this experiment, but because the results were not dependent on extremely precise amounts of any substance, getting the appropriate results was fairly easy. However, if the wrong substance had accidentally been placed in a test tube instead of another substance, the results will be completely different than what they are supposed to be. This could also result in a dangerous situation depending on what substance had been replaced. Another thing that may have hindered the results of the burning of the magnesium is if the flame wasnt hot enough to burn the magnesium or the piece of magnesium was somehow flawed, where it wouldnt burn. Another thing that would obstruct the correct results is if any test tube broke while it was in use, for it couldnt be used to observe the changes occurring anymore. If the candle (from step 1) had so much wax that the wick wasnt exposed enough to light, then it would have made it difficult to perform the first couple s teps of the experiment. Error can come from many different sources, but human error is the most frequent type of error. Conclusion: It was attempted to perform a variety of experiments to carry out chemical and physical changes. Then, it was judged what kind of change it was. Success was reached in doing this. Chemical changes were observed, such as the wooden splint burning, the magnesium bubbling, and the SO4-2 bonding to the Fe+2. Physical changes were also observed, such as the candle wax melting, the NaCl dissolving in the water, and ripping the magnesium strip in half. A lot was definitely learned about the difference between chemical and physical changes, and how to distinguish between the two.

Wind Power as the Future Energy Source Essay -- Energy Power Global Wa

Wind Power- the Future Energy Source Abstract: We are facing an energy crisis on Earth. Burning fossil fuels are harming the atmosphere; this global warming and affects produces chemicals that hurt our body. People are starting to think about using alternative energy. Wind power would be our first choice, because it’s clean, inexhaustible and renewable. Today, wind power is mainly used in Europe. We believed wind power would be the main source of alternative energy for world use. Introduction: Since 400-500A.D, people used windmill energy in farms for grain grinding and water pumping. In 1888, the first wind turbine that generated electricity was discovered by Charles F.Brush in Ohio, USA. However, there are limitations on speed. People did not pay much attention to it; rather, they used fossil fuels. In the 1920s, the improvement of windmill energy was widespread in some rural area in the U.S. and Europe. (Dodge 2006). Later in the 1970s, people realized the shortcomings of fossil fuels; they started looking to alternative energy. Wind is costless, clean and renewable. (Brown 2005). When sun heats on the earth, wind cools down the surface of the Earth. Thus, as the sun shines, there will be inexhaustible wind blowing. Windmill energy uses the power of wind through a generator to generate electricity to urban areas. (2005). Wind Power 3 Results and Discussion: Currently over 50 percent of the electric energy is comes from coal. (See Figure 1). The oil prices started to increase dramatically in 2000. Many people can’t afford it. The capacity of using this energy was low. Coal uses grows 2.5 percent annually. However, wind power grows almost 30 percent annually. (Brown 2006). In the early 1980s, the wind generator in Califo... ...Power Expand in 2006 Earth Policy Institute retrieved July 30, 2006 http://www.earth-policy.org/Indicators/Wind/2006.htm GWEC (2006, February) Record year for wind energy: Global wind power market increased by 40.5% in 2005 Global Energy Council retrieved July 30, 2006 http://www.gwec.net/index.php?id=30&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=21&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=4&cHash=d0118b8972 No author (2005, September) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U.S department of energy retrieved July 30, 2006 http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_technologies.html No author(July 2006) Electric Power Monthly Energy Administration Information http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm_sum.html retrieved July 30th, 2006 No author (2005, December) Wind Energy- Energy from moving Air Energy Kid’s Page http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/wind.html

Comparing Catrin, the Affiction of Margaret, Digging

In both â€Å"Catrin† and â€Å"The affliction of Margaret†, both poets talk about their child who is either changing or has left them. The main difference however is that â€Å"The affection of Maraget† is a narrative while â€Å"Catrin† is written as a first person perceptive. Both poems use the metaphors of chains or ropes to symbolise the relationship between the mother and the child. In â€Å"Catrin† the â€Å"red rope† is used to symbolise the mother and child’s connection. It could mean that rope itself represents their love, and how both Catrin and the mother are spiritually tied by their love. Or the rope could literally mean the umbilical cord which is physically connecting Catrin to her mother at birth, at the beginning of the poem. In other sense the rope could be used represent the conflict for power between Catrin and her mother, it could seen as a Tug of war rope. The word â€Å"red† used in this in this metaphor is ambiguous because the colour â€Å"red† could represents the love between Catrin and her mother that is still there even though Catrin grown up; or it could also represent the anger and frustration between Catrin and her mother for the fight for power. Red is also a warning colour, it could be warning about changes in their relationship, showing that there might be more trouble in the future. However in contrast the â€Å"chains† in â€Å"The affliction of Margaret† symbolise the opposite of the â€Å"rope† in â€Å"Catrin†. It represents the separation between the mother and her son. We can see that mother in poem is feeling a great amount of grief and pain. We can tell that she is in this pain when she says â€Å"thou, worse to me than dead. † This phase emphasis the mother grief, this shows that mother is in a lot pain, and that she feels excluded from the world around her. Through-out the poem you can that tell that mother has a great affection for her son, you can tell this by the repetition of the possessive pronoun â€Å"my†, which normal followed up by â€Å"son. † The repetition of the â€Å"my† emphasise the bond the mother and son have; also it could should that mother feels that it is her problem alone to face. The structure of â€Å"The affliction of Margaret† backs the point that she has in an unstable mind-set. There are 11 paragraphs with very different meanings. They are random statements with no connection between them except, the loss of her son. It looks like the mother has written the first thing that has come to her head. Because there is hardly connection between the paragraphs, it shows she is rapidly thinking of event that might have happened to her son, which highlighting the grief that she feels. In contrast, â€Å"Catrin† is much more ordered than â€Å"The affliction of Margaret†. It has two sections; the first section is the birth of Catrin and second section is an event in Catrin childhood when she wants to skate for an hour more. The ordered structure of poem could symbolise the hospital, a clean and ordered place. It could also symbolise the mother’s control over Catrin. In this poem Catrin’s mum has a lot of authority in Catrin’s life; the most when she is a baby. However we see in second paragraph, when Catrin is older that line length in the paragraph starts to vary more and the structure is more irregular. This could represent the control over Catrin depleting, showing that Catrin is getting more power in their relationship. â€Å"Digging† is a first person perspective poem about the poet breaking free from the family tradition of being a potato farmer. While â€Å"On my first sonne† another first person perspective poem which is about the poet grieving over his death son. I both of these poems the poet has great admiration for their relatives In Digging, Seamus Heaney use simple, colloquial diction through-out digging, to emphasise how easy his father did his job. â€Å"By God, the old man could handle a spade†. This quotation doesn’t only show how simple his father found his job, but also show how the poet aspire to be as talented as his father. The phase â€Å"By god†, is used to describe his describe the talent that his father has; he compares his talent to god. Also like in â€Å"The affliction of Margaret†, there is a repetition of the word â€Å"my†, it show that father and son have good relationship; it also emphasise son admiration for his father. Ben Jonson also uses simple diction in â€Å"On my first Sonne† to emphases the poet grief of losing his son. If you’re grieving, it is difficult to complex vocabulary. Also religious diction is used such â€Å"hope† and â€Å"joy†. The main why these religious word are used, is to fit in with key theme that god has taken his son way from him. However these words are also used to describe what emotions boy gave him; this show much the poet admired and loved the boy, to give him these emotions linked to god The structure of â€Å"On my first Sonne† is very short; it is only 14 lines long, the reason for this, is because the length of the poem is used to symbolise the life of Ben Jonson Jr, it was very short. In the title, the word â€Å"Sonne† is used, this word sound like the word â€Å"sonnet†, which a poem with15 lines, this poem has 14 line, so it is incomplete sonnet, like the poet’s son’s life, it incomplete, lso â€Å"Sonne† has one letter missing to Sonnet, this is other way the poet show how incomplete his son’s life was. Both in â€Å"On first Sonne† and â€Å"Digging† both feel that they done something wrong to the other family member(s). The poet in â€Å"On first Sonne† feels that he has love his boy too much, refers to his love as a â€Å"sinne†. This show that the poet trying to explain his pain, he say constantly through-out the poem, that it is sin to love too much. The poet in â€Å"digging† feels that he has broken the family tradition, but in contrast to â€Å"On first Sonne†, there is an acceptance â€Å"The squat pen rests. I’ll dig with it† This show the poet is proud of his choice of becoming poet, and says that hasn’t broken the tradition, because his is still digging. We see in all these poems that there are closes bonds between the parents and children, we also that separation or disagreement in these relationships can cause confliction and grief between the parents and the children.

Japanese History Essay

The Taisho era, which occurred from 1912 to 1926, is part of Japan’s history. This era was regarded as the period of great righteousness. Emperor Taisho reigned during this time. This time was also considered as democratic compared to other eras after it which were characterized as chaotic and military- oriented. During the Taisho Period the new emperor’s health weakened. This prompted the shift of authority from the old oligarchic, which was ruled by â€Å"elder statesmen†, to the Diet, which was composed of democratic parties. This is why during this era, liberal movement which is knowned as the â€Å"Taisho Democracy† evolved in Japan. After the death of the Meiji Emperor, the Crown Prince Yoshihito took the thrown. This marks the beginning of the Taisho Period. The period begun with political crisis, this interfered with other political negotiations. Misunderstandings brought down the Seiyukai Party in the cabinet. The public was angry and demands to terminate the genro politics or the old oligarchic system. They were supported by another party, the Saionjai. New party, the Rikken Doshikai won against the Seiyukai Party in the House. After World War I, Japan experienced unparalleled prosperity. Japan participated in the peace treaty of Versailles during 1919. They were also part of the â€Å"Big Five† which was a new order recognized internationally. Members of â€Å"Big Five† are countries which have great military and industrial supremacy around the globe. Tokyo, Japan’s capital city received a permanent seat in the League of the Nations Council. Germany’s pacific colonies were also transferred to Japan as Germany loses its rights in Shandong. Truly Japan evolved as an international player in international politics after the war. In September 29, 1918, Hara â€Å"Japanese History† â€Å"page# 2† Takashi, which is from the Saionji Party, was the first ever commoner to become the Prime Minister. The Emperor in Japan will only be the head of the state and not of the government. Different economic and national crises came to him. The public were enchanted with increasing national debts and election laws. The public was disappointed – students, professors, labor movements, including journalists. They were inspired by different schools of thoughts whether communist, socialist or democratic. They conducted massive public demonstrations. After the elections the Seiyukai Party regained the majority. Both communist and socialist parties flourished. This probably made this era more democratic for the public can freely say what they want to the government without fear of military interventions. After sometime, parliamentary system was established. Hara was later on assassinated. After sometime, the Peace Preservation Law was passed. This prohibits any chage in the structure of politics. The disagreements in the Diet results to the introduction of Rikken Minseito – a newly formed coalition of the Seiyu Honto (Seiyukai) and the Kenseikai. This party is committed to promote world peace, democracy and the parliamentary system of government. End of the Era In 1926, Emperor Taisho died and Crown Prince Hirohito assumes the thrown. This ends the Taisho Period. The democratic system of government continued to flourish I Japan during 1920’s. But the next decade, military forces become dominant and the parliamentary system of government was not able to withstand it along with both fiscal and political crises. â€Å"Japanese History† â€Å"page# 3† World War II The Second World War occurred during 1939 to 1945. It is a war between the Allies and the Axis. The Allies was composed mainly by China, France, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and United States. On the other hand, Japan, Italy and Germany were the member of the Axis. After Japan prosper in the postwar and gain political power internationally, Western leaders assumed that Japan is capable of conquering and unite Asia through Emperor Hirohito. In 1937, Japan invaded China with the goal to expand its territory and use its resources. Japanese also invaded the French Indochina. After these invasions the Netherlands, United States, United Kingdom, and Australia, who has stakes in Japan’s colonies, move to prohibit the export of Japan to be shipped to other places. The Western countries ask China for loans in order to have secret military covers. With pressure against it, Japan has no choice but to free its colonies or to declare war to conquer territories. Japan opted to start a war in the Pacific and launch attacks on Malaya, Philippines, Thailand, Hong Kong and Hawaii. China has been under Japan for six years. Pearl Harbor Attack The Japanese military devised an attack in the Hawaii, specifically in Pearl Harbor. The attack was the initial phase of the Japanese in their war against US. The US embargo Japan because it is invading China. The embargo weakened Japan’s Military and economy. Japan wanted the embargo to be lifted by threatening the US for they know that the US does not have enough resources to launch a war. Pearl Harbor is the United States’ naval base and the location of the US’s Pacific Fleet. Japanese wanted to cripple US’s naval operations and attacked Pearl Harbor. The Japanese believed that destroying the US naval base would stop â€Å"Japanese History† â€Å"page# 4† US from fighting into war. The US military forces decoded Japanese code about the attack but it was too late. It was eight in the morning when Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. The attack left more than 3500 American dead. Eighteen ships were badly damaged including eight battleships of the Pacific Fleet. Almost 350 aircrafts were destroyed and more than a thousand people died when the USS Arizona Battleship sunk. On December 8, 1941, the US launched war against Japan. The US dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, then on Nagasaki. Later on, Japan Surrendered. References: Erickson, J. , and Dilks, D. (1994). Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Glantz, David M. (1991). From the Don to the Dnepr: Soviet Offensive Operations, December 1942 – August 1943. London: Cass. Haslam, J. (1992). The Soviet Union and the Threat from the East, 1933 – 41: Moscow, Tokyo, and the Prelude to the Pacific War. London: Macmillan. Harrison, M. ed. (1998). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Culture and Literature Essay

Humans are generally described as unique, not one of us are ever exactly the same to another person. If we put a little logic, unique individuals make up societies, thus societies are also somehow unique to each other. Uniqueness is commonly regarded as a positive trait simply because it makes something interesting. In many respects, the societies of the world would never run out of interesting things to share with each other. And among these interesting things, stories are seemingly the medium of communication that is enjoyed by all cultures. Moreover, listening to stories of a different culture make us learn something about that particular culture. This paper will feature the Chinese classic story â€Å"Journey to the West† by Wu Cheng-en. The story is about an epic adventure of a monkey with superhuman strength able to withstand the 100,000-man army of the heavens. However, the monkey uses his superhuman strength for mischievous acts. As a punishment, Buddha had put a mountain on top of him. After so many years, the monkey fatefully meets a monk. The story teaches us how the Chinese views the aspects of loyalty, responsibility, spirituality, and many other aspects about the Chinese culture. Other cultures could learn many lessons from this Chinese classic such as discipline. Since the monkey was still behaving wildly even though he is freed, the monk had put a headband spell that would contract each time the monkey would act in an undisciplined manner. (Cheng-en 342) All in all â€Å"Journey to the West† by Wu Cheng-en is an action packed epic adventure that is also packed with valuable lessons. It could also be said that he popularity of this particular story had introduced China to the western world. In many respects, this classic of literature is China’s gift to the world that the country is proud and willing to share with other cultures. Work Cited Cheng-en, Wu. Monkey: Folk Novel of China. TN: Grove Press. 1958

Peer pressure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Peer pressure - Assignment Example This pressure is not physical pressure or coercion. A person is just compelled to do what the peer group is doing. This happens on a subliminal level and the person feels compelled to join the act even if he or she disagrees. It is a form of persuasion but the person performs the act unwillingly. This phenomenon comes in many forms and mostly teenage students fall prey to this. They do stuff which their friends are doing just for social acceptance. They personally are not willing to do the act but they are mentally forced. People with weak personalities are more susceptible to peer pressure. They quickly give in to pressure of social groups because they want to be the part of them. Smoking is something that is mostly done under peer pressure. The problem with peer pressure is that it comes in a very subtle form. Smoking is an addictive behavior so it just needs a trigger. After a few times the person gets used to smoking and this is one of dangers of peer pressure. The dangers of peer pressure also extend to other forms of addictions and attitudes or actions. Peer pressure is not limited to schools and teenagers. The human need of social acceptance is great. We get in groups because we want to protect ourselves. In groups we feel a sense of protection. Human beings try to hide in groups because they are afraid their deficiencies are disclosed in front of others. The influence of positive remarks or social acceptance is great on human psychology. It raises our self esteem and makes us believe in ourselves. A few positive comments about shoes or clothes can make our day and bad comments are not appreciated by anyone. Why do we behave in such a manner? We do so because we like being liked. We want our friend around us to love us. We want attention and this is another reason why we feel prey to peer pressure. We usually spend our time with different groups and sub groups like family, friends and office

A Critique of the relationship between power and desire in Foucaults Essay - 1

A Critique of the relationship between power and desire in Foucaults analyses of the Repressive Hypothesis - Essay Example Sexuality was gradually divided into smaller pockets of desire, and some preferences isolated as ‘perversions’. At the same time, the ethics of the confessional made it seem necessary to analyse and judge every sexual preference; power was created in this way for the benefit of the listener; in exchange the teller gained a system of knowledge, and the release of discourse. Power remained linked to sexuality through discourse and the importance of knowledge. The eighteenth and nineteenth century saw the classification of women’s bodies as ‘hysterical’, children’s bodies as ‘innocent’, family bodies as ‘ritual’ and ‘social’ and abnormal bodies as ‘medical’. â€Å"A sexuality without sex†: Paedophilia and the problem of repression in the current age. Feminists and Foucault: problems and sympathies. Male-repression, chosen sexuality, and the problems of sexual liberation movements; rebellio n and convention: is there a sexual difference? Controlling the body. Conclusion. Michel Foucault has become one of the most influential of the French philosophers of the twentieth century. While Foucault has been connected with both the postmodernist and post-structuralist movements, he was in essence a social theorist and historian, not unlike Lawrence Stone, although Foucault worked more on the interplay of ideas, while Stone concentrated more upon the impact of social alterations on family, sexual relationships, and society at large. While some may wish to study their fellow humans and as ‘does such a thing as human nature exist?’, Foucault instead concentrates upon how the idea of human nature has interacted with other parts of society. In order to truly comprehend what it is that Foucault is saying about power and desire within repression, and (even harder) understand what he means by these terms, the reader must have some understanding of Foucault’s

Historiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Historiography - Essay Example Trying to connect atrocities and brutal, ferocious events such as conquests and annihilation of peoples with the theory is a bit problematic, though. When thinking of men like Hernan Cortes, the Spanish conquistador that has invaded America and eventually slaughtered the Native Americans extremely viciously, or like Hitler, which ascended to power in Germany in 1933 and was responsible for the most horrible murders of over 6,000,000 people, theres a difficulty in attributing the word "great" to them. Lets take the case of Cortes, for example. He had arrived in North America and at first befriended the Native Americans, accepting their gifts, enjoying their hospitality and planning some kind of cooperation with them. However, as time went on, major differences started to be evident between the Spanish army that mingled with the Native Americans. For example, the Spanish had a hard time understanding the religious customs and traditions the latter had. They saw some of their rituals as barbaric and primitive, since they involved human sacrifice and body mutilation. In time, tensions grew between the two groups until they reached a boiling point. From that point on, what happened was debatably inevitable. But was it really? Cortes was singlehandedly responsible for the brutal killing of many Indians, and what had previously started as an amicable friendship turned into a most gruesome bloodbath. Cortes refused to back down and was relentless in his quest to vanquish the Native Amer icans. His motive was to eradicate the natives and become a governor for this newly discovered land, gain in respect, status and wealth, and use the local resources to establish a thriving Spanish colony in this new land. In other words, he was driven by greed, a hunger for power and self-motivation. Lets take another example, one from recent time. Hitler has ascended to power through democratic

PACS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PACS - Essay Example A PACS consists of at least one or more image acquisition devices (like Computed Tomography Scanners, Ultrasound Scanners, MRI), communication network, a long term storage device and an image review and/or post processing workstation, in other words PACS is used to run medical digital images. All these components enable following processes: image acquisition, image  communication, image storage, image display and image processing. All these processes act as pathways for PACS to improve the quality of diagnosis, extend the reach of services of an expert radiologist, higher efficiency and cost savings (Reiner and Siegel, 2002, 3). Since healthcare is a safety as well as security intense domain, these parameters cannot be compromised. Hence saving and archiving medical images without loosing quality (or information) has been a compelling need of the users of various users dealing with medical images. This concern of the clinicians have been appropriately addressed by a universal standard pertaining to digital medical imaging, this standard is termed as Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (popularly called DICOM). DICOM provides all the tools required for diagnostically correct processing and presentation of medical imaging data (Pianykh). DICOM takes care of data transfer, storage and display protocol that contains sets of standards. DICOM incorporates the following processes: Information Management System  Storage, Query/Retrieve,   Study Component, Query/Retrieve, Results Management, Print Management, Media Exchange. The DICOM Standard takes care of levels of the ISO OSI network model and enables the exchange of information on interchange media. DICOM currently defines an upper layer protocol (ULP) that is used over TCP/IP (independent of the physical network), messages, services, information objects and an association negotiation mechanism. These definitions ensure that any two implementations of a compatible set of services and

Article Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Article Analysis - Essay Example The statistics are worrying because one would expect the teachers to take advantage of the computers and internet to ease the learning process (Keengwe and Onchwari, 210). I, however, think there should be no cause for worry among parents concerning the adverse effects of technology to their children. Teachers have the responsibility of monitoring how children use technology to restrict it for educational purposes only. From the research conducted at the summer institute, it is devastating that teachers find it hard infusing instructional responsibilities with technology integration. I fail to understand why they view integration and instruction as two different entities. If both support each other in delivering content to the students, teachers should be willing to adopt them (Keengwe and Onchwari, 214-215). I think teachers are intellectuals who can integrate technology into classrooms to engage various learning styles that meet the abilities of all learners. I concur with the authors that teachers need technological skills that do not necessarily make them experts (Keengwe and Onchwari, 215-216). Based on the authors’ recommendations, it is imperative that school administrators move swiftly in installing modern technological tools that aid educational software. Besides, state education officers should not only create technological workshops, but also provide full-time technology experts t o schools. The article, therefore, meets the authors’ goal of stimulating reflections and evaluating the need for technology integration in classrooms and, in particular, early childhood education. Keengwe, Jared, and Grace Onchwari. "Technology and Early Childhood Education: A Technology Integration Professional Development Model for Practicing Teachers."  Early Childhood Education Journal  37 (2009): 209-18. Web. 2 June

Reliability and Validity Essay Example for Free

Reliability and Validity Essay Reliability is defined as the consistency of the measurement. The term can also be defined as the extent to which one instrument can be used in a similar way, every time it is utilized under similar circumstance, and with similar subjects. This is what it means to say that the measurements or the instruments are reliable. It is also the repeatability of measurement. Any measurement is considered reliable where the results of the same test are the same. It is crucial to note that reliability cannot be measured, but it is given as an estimate. To find out the reliability of a measurement, it is important to carry out an experiment more than once or use the same instrument for similar experiments. There are two basic kinds of reliability: test/retest and internal consistency. The first type is the most traditional approach in estimating reliability. The argument behind this approach is that there should be similar results in test 1 and test 2. The three basic concepts of this approach are: the measuring instrument should be implemented in two differing tests for every subject; the relationship between the two tests should be accurately computed; and the assumption that the fundamental condition should be made between the two tests. The other approach is the estimation of reliability by listing queries in a questionnaire that gauge the same concept. For instant, two groups of three queries can be written that gauge the same concept. Then the relationship between the two sets of three queries can be run to evaluate the reliability of the instrument. It is important to know how reliability test ought to be. Some of the guidelines to reliability are . 90 indicates high reliability, . 80 indicates moderate reliability, and . 70 indicates low reliability. High reliability is revealed where the majority of standardized tests show a score of . 90. For majority tests, low reliability is where for majority of standardized tests reveal a score of . 70. This is equivalent to 49 percent consistent variation. Reliability estimate of . 80 are moderate, where the estimate is below . 60, it is usually considered inappropriately low (Worthen, Borg and White, 1993). Validity refers to the strength of conclusions, deductions and proposals. A more formal definition by Cook and Campbell (1979) is that validity is the best estimate of the accuracy and inaccuracy available, of a provided deduction, proposal or conclusion. It is basically the degree to which a test does what it is supposed to do. It is the subjective finding that is based on experimentation and empirical pointers. There are two basic types of validity: face validity and construct validity. The face validity is the most basic and must be supported by other types. What is refers to is whether on the surface the measure seems to measure does what it is supposed to do. Face validity is the beginning point, and it is not valid for any use. The test has been used to indicate high reliability in punishing witches. From this test, it is estimated that 100,000 women argued to be witches were condemned and burnt. A measure that has construct validity is one that has been proved to measure what it is supposed to gauge. Criterion, which includes predictive and concurrent; convergence, and discriminative validity are elements that contributive to construct validity. Validity and reliability of the development of experimental evaluations is a basic part of the scientific method. Without a reliable and valid method, accurate scientific results and deductions cannot be obtained (Worthen, Borg and White, 1993). Freuds Theory of Personality vs. Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theories Sigmund Freud was the first individual to come up with the theory that explains how the mind or psyche operates. He developed his ideas from working with people suffering from psychological disorders. He held the belief that personality is made up of three basic structures. The three are the id, the ego and the superego. The id according to Freud is the structure that has instincts. He argued that this structure is totally unconscious. This means that the id does not have any contact with the realism (Mischel, 1999). The second structure of personality comes up as a child experiences the demands and limitations of the realism. This structure is what Freud referred to as the ego. This according to Freud is the structure of personality that emerges to deal with the stresses and the constraints of the reality. It is considered the executive structure of personality. This is due to the fact that it utilizes reason in decision making. According to Freud the ego and the id lack morality. They do not take into consideration what is wrong or right. The moral structure of personality according to Freud is the superego. It is the branch that takes into consideration if an act is right or wrong. It is what is basically known as the conscience. The consideration of Freud about personality is that it is similar to an iceberg. This means that most of our personality is in existence beneath our degree of consciousness. His argument is that most of the personality exists in this form. In examining people’s personality, there is revelation of the evidence of ego and superego. Where the two are partly unconscious and partly conscious, the id is the unconscious, which means that it is one that exists below our awareness. The ego utilizes the defense mechanism to solve the conflict between wishes of the id and the limitations of the superego. Freud added that it is the contradicting demands of the personality structures that lead to anxiety. According to Freud, oppression is the strongest and most persistent defense mechanism. It is the mechanism that pushes the unacceptable demands of the id out of consciousness. It is basically the foundation of all the other defense mechanisms (Mitchell and Black, 1995). Neo-Freudian theorists are those who were in agreement with the ideas of Freud, but transformed them and used them to come up with their own theories. The ideas of Freud, though controversial have influenced a lot of theorists. Most of the theorists support the idea of the unconscious psyche and its significance in childhood. There are other ideas that the theorists did not agree with. Some of these thinkers include Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, Erik Erikson and Karen Horney. Jung was in agreement with the idea of the unconscious mind. There are various reasons as to why most of these theorists disagreed with Freud. Erikson disagreed with the idea that personality is developed entirely from childhood experiences. There are a number of general similarities between the ideas of Freud and those of the neo-Freudian theorists. There was agreement with the fact that the unconscious is the key influence of character (Mischel, 1999). They also agreed that there is influence on personality from childhood events. The Neo-Freudian theorist like Jung agreed with the ideas of defense mechanism and dream interpretation. The neo-Freudian theorists disagreed with the argument that development stopped at age five or six. They also did not agree with instinctual drives. The other thing that they failed to agree on is the emphasis on the pathological factions of personality, degrading and pessimistic. From the point of view of one of the neo-Freudian theorists, the paper will evaluate Alfred Adler. He agreed with Freud on the importance of the initial years of one’s life. He also agreed with the unconsciousness of what drives us. He also agreed on the ideas of Freud on dream interpretation and analysis. His disagreement was based on the influence of the parents in a child’s development, people actively establishing their own destiny; availability of therapy goals; and the influence of superiority, not sexuality (Mitchell and Black, 1995). The Situation versus Trait Controversy The situation versus trait controversy is a topic that has been assessed, discussed, analyzed and resolved by very many psychologists in the past few years. This controversy is basically the disagreement on whether it the situation or traits that are responsible for the character of a person. The debate is said to have been started by Walter Mischel in his title Personality and Assessment. The book offered to empirical arguments about the approach to personality. His first argument was that character traits have a relationship of approximately 0. 30 with the way individuals behave in specific situations. The other argument is that the cross-situational constancy of character is about 0. 20 to 0. 30. His conclusion was that character traits are not positive predictors of the way people behave. He added that situations are more significant in people’s behavior. He also claimed that character traits do not exist in reality. This was supported by the argument that behavior changes with situation. His ideas arose a lot of debates on the issue with some people in support and others opposing. During this time, there were psychologists who were already carrying out researches to measure personality. The ideas of Mischel were supported by the critics of personality. They were basically behaviorism theorists who claimed that the best explanation of behavior was the environment. They based this argument on the notion of psychology being a science of tangibles and observables as opposed to intangibles like emotions, character traits and thoughts. For some time this idea was adapted quite a number of psychologists (Mischel, 1999). The other side of the debate took effect from the 70s, where psychologists began accepting the innate states like cognitions that influence how people behave. From this point of view, it is argued that the character traits are the ones that determine how people behave. This is the side of the debate that garnered more support that the situation one. Many of the psychologists now are in agreement with the fact that character traits exists in reality and that it is best suited in predicting behavior that the environment. The agreement is that both of the experimental arguments by Mischel were partially accurate, but the relationships approximations of 0. 30 between character traits and the way people behave, and behavior across environments, were given by other psychological researchers to be 0. 40. The supporters of the situation side of argument did not anticipate questions about the interpretation of their empirical results. It was not possible to tell whether it was 0. 30 or 0. 40 that was the small correlation (Fleeson and Noftle, 2009). It was also not possible to tell how this compared to the relationship between environments and how people behave. The answers were provided by two supporters of trait psychology, David Funder and Dan Ozer. They provided the answers by reviewing the different standard experiments in social psychology. These experiments were aimed at establishing how behavior is affected by environment. One of the studies evaluated was by Stanley Milgram. This is the study on obedience that employed counterfeit electric shocks to establish the way individuals reacting to hurting others. Here Funder and Ozer realized that the relationship between environments and the way people behave was from 0. 36-0. 42. This was almost similar to predictive capability of character traits. Another study that nullified the work of Mischel was the findings of Seymour Epstein. His findings suggested that in one complete behavior over a considerable period of time, as opposed to viewing single situations, the cross-situational constancy of the way people behave can be normally as high as 0. 80 to 0. 90. This means that the trait side of the controversy seemed to carry more weight than the situation side. The trait side of explaining behavior is what is followed by most psychologists currently, although studies are always being carried out (Fleeson and Noftle, 2009). References: Fleeson, W. , Noftle, E. E. (2009). The End of the Person-Situation Debate: an Emerging Synthesis in the Answer to the Consistency Question, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2 (4), 1667-1684. Mischel, W. (1999). Introduction to Personality. Sixth edition. Fort Worth, Texas: Harcourt Brace. Mitchell, S. Black, M. J. (1995). Freud and Beyond: a History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought. New York: Basic Books. Worthen, B. R. , Borg, W. R. , and White, K. R. (1993). Measurement and Evaluation in the School. New York: Longman.