matthews messianic expectations Essays - Prophets Of Islam

The Covenant of Abraham or The Abrahamic Covenant is oftentimes spoken of in religious services during prayers and sermons. This covenant establishes Abraham and his descendants to reap not just material benefits throughout eternity; but much more, to include a relationship with God. Beginning with Genesis 12:1-3, the blessings to Abram are promised; from making him a great nation, to blessing his name and his offspring. The understanding of a covenant relationship is of paramount importance when we discuss Abraham and Moses. In theology, a covenant is a solemn agreement made with a religious ritual. (Senior123). The use of the word covenant is frequently used in the 21st century when discussing real estate in considering subdivisions within a neighborhood. There are rules and regulations that encompass conditions with a long list of promises that the resident agrees to abide by regarding the use of the land after purchase. On a much larger scale in the call of Abraham, with his arrival to the land of Canaan (ancient Palestine), God appeared to Abram and said, ?I will assign this land to your heirs.?And he built an altar there to the Lord who had appeared to him (Voorst 46). Again, God has made promises throughout the Bible; however God brought them about by Abraham?s faithfulness and devotion to His promises and commands (Boadt 115). Speaking from a burning bush, God calls Moses to action in helping to lead his people to the Promised Land. God identified himself to Moses saying, ?The God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.? (Voorst 46, 47) In the lives of Abraham and Moses, God gave them promises in a theophany, which means an ?appearance of God? (Boadt 113). In Galatians, emphasis is on justification by faith. Consequently, those who have faith are blessed along with Abraham who has faith. Moses as the mediator received the law and passed it on to the Israelites. Scripture clarifies the use of the law. ?Now there is no mediator when one party is involved and God is one ?(Galatians 3:20). Before faith came, we were held in custody under law, confined for the faith that was to be revealed. Consequently the law was our disciplinarian for Christ, that we might be justified by faith. But now that faith has come, we are no longer under a disciplinarian (Senior 1650). Works Cited Boadt, Lawrence Reading the Old Testament New York: Paulist Press, 1984. Senior, Donald ; Collins, John J; Getty, Mary Ann The Catholic Study Bible Van Voorst, Robert E. Anthology of World Scriptures: Western Religions.Wadsworth.Belmont, CA.Print.2007

Indias culture has created a disregard for compulsory educa essays

Indias culture has created a disregard for compulsory educa essays India has existed as a parliamentary democracy since its independence from Britain in 1947. One would assume that since India is a democracy, that they would have well developed compulsory education policies. However, compulsory education policies do not exist in India. India has been changing rapidly over the last decade, but has failed to do anything about education or the welfare of its children. As a result only sixty percent of its children attend school beyond grade five and the literacy rate among the adults in India lies only slightly above fifty percent, according to the United Nations Children Fund, (unicef.org). Indias culture is the cause of Indias total disregard of compulsory education which has created one of the largest child workforces in the world. Therefore, many of the children in India hold jobs as early as three years old. Many drop out of school early and many never attend school at all. Although India has been on a path towards modernization, they have not modernized in their way of thinking or in their set of beliefs. Weiner (1991; 55) describes this well with the case of Uttar Pradesh, (who has been Indias Secretary of Labor), whose family were agricultural laborers and did not send their children to school. They did not send their children to school not because they were poor and needed their children to work but simply because it was not the custom for his fathers family to send their children to school. The custom of not sending children to school was simply what Uttars family did. His father was not sent to school; therefore he did not realize the need for his children to go to school. This is a big problem in India. Indias government does not emphasize the need for children to be in school, thus children are sent to work and not always because the family needs financial support. They simply just do what their parents did. This custom is deep...

E-Commerce Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-Commerce Systems - Essay Example The direct financial service is advantageous in terms of efficiency in the achievement of needed services. This can be attributed to the fact that, a company or institution provides goal specific services. For example for a bank or a credit card company, one must be linked directly to the site of a specific company. Through the said system less complication can be met. For that matter, the clientele that can be attracted are those who know the discipline and are sure of what they need and want, and those who are not familiar with complicated online systems. For that matter, the said system of financial services can be considered advantageous to a wide variety of consumers. One disadvantage of the said system though is the danger of putting trust on a single entity as compared to the system with intermediaries which in the said case can be considered more secure (Carlon, Ryan and Weledniger, 2010). The financial services with intermediaries on the other hand can provide benefit such as the decrease in transaction costs due to the sharing of assets, goods and services of the different groups and companies that comprise one system. This structure also increases security based on the fact that risks that can be encountered are shared by the whole group. A disadvantage that can be cited though is the complex structure that can create certain problems in different transactions and financial services (Carlon, Ryan and Weledniger, 2010). Australian Government Treasury (1999) Financial Products, Service Provides and Markets – An Integrated Framework [online]. Available from: [Accessed 20 May 2010]. Carlon, M., Ryan, M. and Weledniger, R. (2010) The Five Golden Rules of Online Branding [online]. Available from Dynamic Logic, AdRelevance and 24/7 Media: [Accessed 20 May 2010]. Reverse auctions

Client Evaluation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Client Evaluation - Assignment Example In this Client Evaluation, the company that has been considered is Saria. It is a company who provides all kinds of repair and installations related to the cable plants. It is a very reputable company. The main aim of the company is to gain the reputation as the industries best. The industry to which the company belongs is the fiber optics industry. The company was established in the mid 2000’s and since then it has been moving forward with all the positive zeal. The services that they are providing are all relevant to the field of fiber optics. Their main idea is that they need to continue to perform according to the expectations of their clients, critics and as well as their own aims and goals. They are known to be able to solve the most serious of problems related to the interconnection and automation problems. The offer range of facilities related to the fiber optics and automation, they provide the fiber optics and automation services for aircrafts, ships, network setups at the factories and the companies and as well as the military bases. Their providence of services at the military bases proves that they have the sleekest and advanced form of the automation and the engineering related to the fiber optics technology available to the general world. This proves the fact that they are the best of the best in the industry that is why they are being hired or employed by the airbases and various military bases to provide them with the communications and interconnectivity infrastructures. Copper is a very expensive metal, but it has been considered as the best for of conductor that could ever be used for the purpose of the communications. Saria has acquired the technology and the people actually required to have the implementation of copper-infused technology in the communications infrastructure.  

Leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk - Term Paper Example A real leader is capable of doing different tasks guided by his vision and reason coming from the historical experience. To make it plain, â€Å"leadership is the result of a complex set of interactions among the leader, the followers and the situation† (Cited in Byrne 20). Thus, a leader follows the most optimal way to succeed paying much tribute to his environment and the focal goals in mind. There are no leadership perspectives without goal-setting and planning elaborated by a leader. On the other hand, it is vital to touch upon the types of leadership and the notion of an effective military leadership. The question is that the efficiency in the way a military leader follows comprises a global perspective along with the national ideals. There should be a detailed understanding of what the nation longs for and why such a problem stays unsolved. Byrne identifies effective military leadership as â€Å"the ability to inspire others to willingly participate in the achievement o f a shared vision set out by the leader and to assist them throughout that transformational journey† (25). Hence, these solitary traits seem to be apparent in Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. First of all, he was a leader able to make a significant change against the Muslim perspective. By establishing the National Assembly in Turkey, he gained support of the Turkish majority in turning Turkey into a secular nation-state (Polelle 44). It was one of the first steps toward modernization throughout Turkey. Second, Ataturk broke the ice of the misconception in a larger Turkish society. He was successful in his leadership skills due to the fact that he possessed all types of transformational leadership evident in his â€Å"vision, courage, rhetorical skills, determination and integrity† (Byrne 25). This is why every single step he did toward progress in providing reforms was more than just a breakthrough. It gave grounds for further modernization and constructive development of Turkey . Secularization and improvement in education were the two main goals of Ataturk’s mission. The thing is that the reforms were aimed at the following prospects, namely: secular governance, the replacement of Arabic script with Roman characters, monogamy, creating an industrial infrastructure, opening three western-mode state universities, establishment of a civil code in accordance with the European norms and standards (Reisman 7). These reforms were hard to implement without keeping a strict eye on their execution. Today, there is hardly a national leader to complete all these reforms within a short span of time. To say more, Ataturk believed that a republican idealism would become a new civic religion for Turks (Hanioglu 182). His intellectual capacity made him believe in that Turkey may reach the new heights in its overall development once the religious views on governance came in place. The moral side of the question was at stake. Mustafa Kemal was aware of that and could wait for some time to make Turks share the idea of republican idealism versus solely religious construct. Here, his rhetoric and courage complement his vision at the outset and ability to integrate toward new dimensions of national development of Turks. This is why he managed to create a new nation of Turkey based on the most progressive principles of civilian life. The authority of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is too significant for every Turk, as he dared to transform â€Å"

Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent FMRI Psychology Essay

Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent FMRI Psychology Essay Functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) is the most widely used and powerful method of understanding the brain function and mapping neuroanatomy of the human brain. The most basic fMRI technique is blood oxygen level dependent (BLOD-fMRI). Paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin in venous blood is a natural contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Basic principles and methodological applications of BOLD-MRI as an introduction are presented in this article, and the relationship between neural activation and a magnetic resonance signal change is represented in much detail. Introduction Functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) is a widely recognized technique for brain mapping and providing the anatomical information of brain activity. It has been demonstrated that this method bases on the local hemodynamic changes that influence deoxyhemoglobin changes in venous blood. Furthermore, susceptibility changes produced by deoxyhemoglobin changes lead to the changes of MR signal strength. This effect is called blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contract (1). High spatial and temporal resolution brain mapping can be structured by this basic method. Currently, it has become the most powerful study of brain function techniques. Compared with the traditional neuroimaging methods, including positron emission tomography (PET) and intrinsic signal optical reflection imaging, BOLD-fMRI can provide high spatial and temporal resolution sufficiently using internal concentration of oxygenation in human bodies as a natural contrast agent. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) effect was firstly presented by Ogawa etc in 1990. They found that the magnetic resonance signal reduces when the concentration of oxyhemoglobin decreases. Also, their research showed that the reduction of signal not only occurs in blood, but also outside the blood vessels. Thus, they assert that this effect is caused by the property of magnetic field changes. After that, many researchers performed a large number of theoretical and experimental works to summarize the basis of BOLD-fMRI imaging. When neuron is activated, regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption volume increase, but there are differences between the two increases, which is that the increase in cerebral blood flow is more than the oxygen consumption. Due to this difference, the venous oxygen concentration in active regions is significantly higher than the surrounding tissue and the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin reduces relatively. BOLD contrast has its origin in the fact that when normally diamagnetic oxyhemoglobin gives up its oxygen, the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is paramagnetic (2). Deoxyhemoglobin is a paramagnetic material which can produce local gradient magnetic field in the blood vessels and surroundings. Hence, it has effect on reducing T2. When brain areas are activated, the effect of reducing T2 decreases result from the reduction of deoxyhemoglobin. Compared with the resting state, T2 or T2* is relatively extended in local brain regions. Therefore, the signal is relatively enhanced on the T2 weighting or T2* weighting functional magnetic resonance imaging maps. Current MRI brain mapping studies all focus on off-on subtraction mode, which is the fMRI signal in active condition minus the signal under control conditions. The signal is extremely weak, and the relative increasing strength is 2%-5% generally. During imaging, the functional image of corresponding brain areas can be obtained if superimposing the high signal in different colors of active area on the high-resolution T1 weighting anatomical maps. This method is called blood oxygen level dependent contrast fMRI due to it depends on the level of oxygen in local blood vessels (1). This article reviews the basic principles and available methodological information and research on blood oxygen level dependent (BLOD-fMRI). This review begins with some basic principles on BOLD-fMRI. Furthermore, the methods for BOLD-fMRI will be described in detail including block design and event-related design. Also, the results of BOLD-fMRI studies will be presented and the advantages and limitations of the current research will be discussed as well. Finally, the key points and important aspects of the BOLD-fMRI will be summarized as a conclusion. Materials and Methods BOLD-fMRI experiment steps include: firstly, make experimental planning and determine the most optimal stimulus or task programs. Secondly, high T1 WL resolution anatomical images and a great number of original images in stimulation and rest states can be obtained by scanning. Lastly, functional active maps should be obtained by experimental data analysis. Block design bases on cognitive subtraction mode to show the stimulus task in block form. A tropical block design contains two basic tasks which are experimental tasks and control tasks, and the two intervals of blocks appear. Task-related brain activities can be understudied by the comparison of regional cerebral blood oxygen reaction through stimulation and control tasks. It is widely used in locating brain function. It is the early main method to do functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments. The advantages are simple and easy to perform tasks. However, the drawback is that the BOLD signal changes larger result in long stimulation time and the high rate of oxygen reaction. In blocked designs, regardless of stimulus presentation or task performance interdigitated with rest, observing the relationship of the time course of BOLD response to activation paradigm is possible (3). Also, more than one image can be obtained during every experimental and rest period. The signal time course should be assumed to be activated, and it can be tested. A simple example is presented in Figure 1(a). Firstly, switch on and off the visual stimulation (black and green) quickly for 10 times. It is shown that the time course of pixels follows the stimulation paradigm. However, the difference between the stimulation and time course is quite obviously (p

Italian Culture and Work Ethics Essay

History teaches us that it is through the family that new generations are equipped with ethics and values regarding work. The advent of bourgeois society, with its characteristic openness towards other social classes, appears to have relegated the promotion of working values by families to the background. This study sets out to test the hypothesis according to which the family continues to maintain an important role in the transmission of working values. Based on data from the Work Importance Study (Super and Sverko, 1995: Life Roles, Values, a n d Careers, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass), two subgroups were compared (working adults, and high school and university students), considered as representing two different generations (youths vs adults). Some results from cluster anatysis show how substantial similarity exists between adults and youths in terms of ideal values, expressing ‘what would be important in an ideal world’. The difference between the subgroups lies in expectations (termed ‘expected values’) relating to ‘what would be important in my actual work environment’. Here, relatively more important values for young people are relatively less important for working adults. Another result presented concerns the relationship existing betiveen value typobgies (classed into six categories) and personal character associated with birth order. What emerges is that the only children are prevalently the ‘tough type’, while the first bom, considered by some to be custodians of family traditions, tum out to be more independent than the second or third bom, identified above all by their calm and sociable characters. Introduction: the work ethic and the family ethic This study presents the results of a survey conducted nationaUy in 1995 on a sample of 1523 subjects (represendng the three main geo-cultural areas of Italy: North, Centre and South—see BeUotto, 1997). The objecdve of the survey was to determine values associated with work. For this a quesdonnaire, a values scale (VS) was used, devised by an intemadonal team pardcipadng in a world-wide survey called the Work Importance Study—WIS (Super and Sverko 1995). With the data coUected, a profile of the value judgements of Italian families was formulated. The importance of working values within the family context has been little explored from a psychological point of view. Yet the family is characterized by the ethical nature of the reladonships it contains, hence its values (Boszormeny-Nagy and Spark, 1973; Cigoli, 1992). The family is rightly placed in that class of insdtudons that Hegel indicated as the ethical horizon of human society. ‘ There are very few Italian studies on the processes of value transmission within families, not to mendon the handing down of working values. While one of the principal funcdons recognized as typical of families is the socializadon of the individual, studies regarding the socializadon by families with regard to work are rarely encountered. 1351-1610/99/040583-13 Â © 1999 Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social Sciences 584 Massimo Bellotto and Alberto ^atti The lack of research in this field can be partly explained by the relatively recent history of the concept of the ‘family’ as a scientific subject for study in social psychology. At least until the end of the 1940s, families were considered as a group typology (Lewin, 1951). Successively, interest focused on the pathology of family relationships (Bateson et al. , 1956; Epstein et al. , 1982; Bamhill, 1979; Watzlawick et al. , 1967). It was only in die 1970s that the so-called ‘normal’ family was considered worthy of psychological investigation as a scientific subject (Scabini, 1985). In recent years, however, the theme of values and the ethical importance of families has emerged strongly in a variety of fields, from individual and family psychotherapy to organizational psychology. In this article we would like to propose that a terminological distinction be made between ethics and morality. Ethics are, as the etymology of the word suggests, the study of the ‘customs’ (ethos), the social habits, the relational practices of a people or social grouping. Morality relates more to the theme of how much certain behaviour corresponds to a reference model. In this sense, it is important to distinguish between ethics and morality when studying the customs and habits, in a word, the ethics of families (and not their morality). This is to avoid the pitfalls associated with referring to a particular set of values held by the family being analysed. What exacdy are the working values held by families? What relationship exists between these values and family needs? What are the motivations that stir the family organization? And which family values can be linked, even indirecdy, with work? Let us seek some answers to these important questions. Families in history have also been units of production. The peasant family, craft guilds, the factory worker families of the first and second industrial revolutions (Manoukian, 1976) are the most emblematic examples. In medieval society the chances of changing one’s profession from the one inherited from the family were rather hmited. Children continued the working traditions of the family without having much choice in the matter. The transmission of working values within family groups, historically speaking, seemed to go without saying. However, it would be worthwhile to pose the question of how families educate their members today with regard to work. Families in Westem society have changed profoundly. The social mobility intrinsic to the very idea of bourgeois society (Weber, 1904) has led to the privatization of family relationships (Aries, 1960) and to the specialization of family practices to the sentimental sphere. The educational role of families is becoming more and more marginal, being delegated to collective institutions such as schools. Moreover, from the viewpoint of economic history, families have become increasingly characterized as units of consumption, losing in part their role as units of production. From a macrosocial perspective, a fundamental problem emerges in Italy: the percentage of youth unemployment is one of the highest in Europe, especially in the South. Working Values and the Italian Family 585 majority of young people between the ages of 15 and 24 live at home: 82. 4% of males and 72. 5% of females. In the next age bracket, 25-34, many more young men sdU live at home with their parents (33. 6%) compared with young women of the same age (22. 9%). According to some demographic projecdons to the year 2000, these percentages wiU touch 36. 3% for young males and 34. 2% for young females. There are cultural and ideological reasons for this phenomenon, such as the idea that marriage is the only proper route towards adult independence (8 males out of 10 and 9 women out of 10 leave the family only foUowing marriage). However, social factors also make a contribudon, in particular, high youth unemployment and a shortage of rental accommodadon. The result is that families coundng a young adult as a member are a socially significant category. Psychological factors and value systems also play an important role. The working values tradidonaUy handed down in Italian families place heavy emphasis on permanent and full-dme employment. The definidve departure from the family is often condidonal on minimizing the risks of independence. Among others, for these two factors (permanent fuU-dme employment and minimum risk of independence), life-dme employment in government and union employment policies have come to be considered as a necessary and sufficient prerequisite for the attainment of adulthood. The quest for so-caUed ‘guaranteed employment’ has led Italian society to one of the most cridcal paradoxes in its history: the creadon of a barrier to occupadonal access for youth. Thus, the one prerequisite considered a vital and sufficient condidon for the evoludon of Italian families, life-dme employment, has become one of the major obstacles to the same end. By disallowing generational change in employment, it has become impossible for young generadons to enter the workforce, and hence to reach independence. ‘* Following on these consideradons, we decided to use the results of a study on working values (WIS 1995) to shed some light on value differences between young students and adult workers. As mendoned above, very few studies have been carried out in Italy on the transmission of values within families. While the WIS study was not designed for this purpose, we believed that it could give some indicadons regarding the generadon gap (youths vs adults) and differences in social status (students vs workers). The underlying hypothesis to tjiis study is therefore that working adult values can be considered as being similar to those of parents; likewise, those held by young students can be considered as being similar to those of offspring. The WIS survey.

Dante’s Inferno: Sixth Circle of Hell

Dante’s Inferno: Sixth Circle of Hell â€Å"Every evil deed despised in Heaven has as its end injustice. Each such end harms someone else through either force or fraud† (Alighieri XI 22-24). In his divine comedy, The Inferno, Dante Alighieri cruises around the different circles of hell. Virgil, a poet and a good friend of Dante’s, becomes Dante’s guide in hell. Trough out the poem, the reader encounters certain moments of tension in which he or she is forced to choose a direction to follow. In Canto XI, Virgil and Dante find themselves in the sixth circle of hell: circle of violence. Virgil then explains to Dante that there are three inner circles: violence against others, violence against self, and fraud. In the second inner circle, the circle of suicide or violence against self, Virgil and Dante find a deserted forest with twisted weird looking trees. These trees are the people who reside in that circle. Here, the reader is presented with people who have committed suicide because of hardships in their lives. The reader is then presented with the opportunity to either feel sorry and justify their suicide or find their placement in hell a just punishment. In the second inner circle, violence against self, Dante and Virgil meet one of the residents. His name was Pier Delle Vigne, a former minister of Emperor Frederick II. Pier, then, tells Virgil and Dante that reason why he committed suicide was because envious groups schemed him, turned the Emperor against him, destroyed his reputation, and put him in prison; he was too ashamed and decided to take his life. Dante feels sorry for him, because he too understands the importance of a good reputation. At this point the reader is offered the chance to agree with Dante and feel sorry for Pier, or completely disagree. Life is one of the greatest gifts from God, keeping this in mind; suicide would be denying or not appreciating that gift. Everyone in hell is there because in one way or another they denied and committed a sin against God. Regardless of what others did to him, Pier denied God, so one can come to the conclusion that his positioning in hell is just. In the contrary, life or God does not give you more than you can handle. All the alse accusations made against Pier were obviously more than what he could handle, so one could feel sorry for him and justify his suicide. So it is up to the reader to choose one of the two possible opportunities that Dante the poet presents to us. In Dante’s divine comedy, The inferno, the reader is offered with many occasions where he or she is must choose a direction to follow. In the sixth circle of hell, the circle of violence, Virgil explains that there are three inner circles: circle of violence against others, circle of violence against self, and the circle of fraud. In the second inner circle Dante and Virgil meet Pier Delle Vigne. After listening to his story and explanation onto why he took his life, the reader had the option of agreeing with Dante and feeling sorry for Pier’s justified action or find Pier’s punishment just. Life is a gift of God, so taking one’s life is committing a sin against God; which will make Pier’s punishment just. This conclusion could be made if the reader believes in God.

APA Style Research Paper

APA Style Research Paper APA Style Research Paper APA Style Research Paper The most commonly requested format for research paper writing is APA style. APA style is commonly used in the social sciences and is consider as the most influential research paper writing style. Nevertheless, different fields may have some aberration, so consult your advisor on research paper writing requirements. If the teacher asks you to write APA style research paper, you have to follow specific rules which make the presentation of written material more understandable. Research paper APA style covers the following elements: punctuation and abbreviations, construction of tables, selection of headings, citation of references, presentation of statistics as well as many other elements that are a part of every academic essay. Research Paper Help The first thing you should do is to define a research paper topic. You have the possibility to demonstrate your research skills: collect information, examine it and make your own contribution to the existing knowledge. Every research paper topic should be focused on a problem or question which has to be solved or answered. Determine the main aspect of your research paper topic.  Library resources will help you to understand the topic problem and to arrange research paper ideas. Collect information on given phenomenon, inform about experiments that have been already done. Reading a scientific literature will help you to find out the most important and relevant data for your research paper writing. Title page, the text of the research paper and list of references are the basic issues of an APA style research paper. Writing a research paper you have to use other elements such as: abstract, references, appendices, footnotes, tables etc. Let's take a look at some elements. Title page is the separate first page. The title should be in the center about halfway down the page. The information including your name, college, course, professor etc. should be below the title. Make sure that the title is meaningful. It should signal to the reader what your research paper topic is. Bibliography list should be presented at the end of your research paper. The list begins on a new page. The purpose of including a bibliographic reference is to allow your readers to track down your sources. While writing bibliography, you need to include standard bibliographic information: author, title, place of publication, publisher, and year of publication. Custom Written Research Papers If you are not sure how to format your research paper in proper APA style, ask our writers for research paper writing help and the formatting will be done for free!   In addition to custom written research paper you receive free bibliography list, free title page, and free plagiarism report!   Only professional and experienced writers working at are entrusted to work on your research paper writing!

Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Example

Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Example Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Marketing and Buying Decision Essay Principles of Marketing Name: Robert Barnes Student Number: 21154021 Institution: University of West London Table of Contents Introduction Question Personality Motivation Conflict Question Bibliography Introduction The case study I have chosen to cover is â€Å"Breezing out for a night on the tiles†. It discusses the rise of the premium pre-mixed drinks industry between 1995-2000, in particular the Bacardi Breezer brand. It looks at the marketing activity which has taken place and the brand association the marketers aimed to achieve. In this report I will be exploring the buying process involved when purchasing an alcoholic beverage, the influencing factors when making a decision and the role that marketing plays, in these decisions. The definition of marketing is â€Å"The management process which identifies anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitably. † Adrian Palmer 2004 Personality noun (plural personalities) The coon of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character: – Oxford Dictionary 2012 ENTJ Frank, decisive, assume leadership readily. Quickly see illogical and inefficient procedures and policies, develop and implement comprehensive systems to solve organisational problems. Enjoy long-term planning and goal setting. Usually well informed, well read, enjoy expanding their knowledge and passing it on to others. Forceful in presenting their ideas. Introduction to Type, Sixth Edition by Isabel Briggs-Myers 1998 Question 1 Q. Give an overview of how the buying decision-making process might work for purchasing an alcoholic drink in a pub or club. How would this differ when purchasing alcohol in a supermarket or off licence? A. The Theory To answer this question we first need to look at the theories in marketing associated to the buying process, influences and behaviours. Diagram 2. 0 is the structure of the buying process based on the â€Å"Cognitive Paradigm† theory (Pickton and Broderick 2001) which focuses on the individuals thought process, during a buying decision. It assumes that the buying decision is approached as a problem solving activity and that the consumer is being rational throughout the process. It is widely used as the default theory by marketers and sales professionals when structuring campaigns. It does not however accurately describe the process that occurs during extreme impulse or irrational purchases, which are both, almost intangible processes. For the purpose of this exercise, we will assume that the responsible purchase of alcohol is approached, both rationally and thoughtfully. Diagram 2. 0 The Buying Process. Source: Marketing Communications, by John Egan. 2007) Step 1 of the process is the â€Å"Problem Recognition†. This is the identification of a need, such as â€Å"I am hungry, therefore I need to eat†. It can however be very complex and the consumer may require education or informing before recognising a problem exists, such as a dentist telling you, you need a filling, even though you hadn’t felt any pain in that tooth. Marketers can exploit this step by feeding information to consumers for goods and services, they hadn’t realised they needed. Step 2 of the process is the â€Å"Information Search†. This is when an individual has identified a need but may need to research to find the right solution. For example, if a student identifies a need for a computer, but has a limited budget, he or she might research information to identify the best option for the budget they have. This step can skipped if the consumer has enough knowledge, regarding the possible solutions. Step 3 of the process is â€Å"Evaluation†. This is when more than one option is available to solve the identified need, and the consumer wants to experience these before purchasing. An example would be someone test driving multiple cars before purchasing one. Effectively they will all satisfy the same need, but the consumer wants to know what the experience is, before making the decision. This step can skipped if the consumer has previous experience or is happy with a certain product or service beforehand. Step 4 of the process is â€Å"Decision†. This is simply the final choose for a solution to the identified need, after weighing up all options. Again, a consumer can move directly to this step from â€Å"Problem Recognition† if enough prior knowledge exists. Step 5 of the process is â€Å"Purchase†. This is when the decision is executed and the goods or services are acquired. Step 6 of the process is â€Å"Post-Purchase Evaluation†. This is when you access you satisfaction with your product or service after you have acquired it. If a great experience is had, it will lead to a higher likelihood that you will purchase that product or service again. Applying the theory Table 2. 0 is an application of the above theory, for an individual going through the buying process at both a club and supermarket. Buying Process Step| Nightclub or Pub| Supermarket| Problem Recognition| * A want to let loose. * A need for confidence. * A desire to fit in or stand-out. An aspiration to impress. | * Alcohol for cooking. * Thoughts of a night in. * A desire to relax and unwind. * Drinks for guests and friends. * Cheap drinks before going out. | Information Search| * Advertisement around the club. * Bottles behind the bar. * Drink cocktail menus. * What others are drinking. * Peer and/or social pressure. | * The label on the bottle. * Prices and special offers. * Staff knowledge. | Evaluation| * Tasting a friends drink. * Design of the bottle. * Recognition of a brand. | * Description on label. * Design and quality of bottle. Alcohol percentage. * Brand recognition. | Decision| * Information processed and decision made. | * Information processed and decision made. | Purchase| * Majority of exchanges in cash. | * Majority of exchanges by credit card. | Post-Purchase Evaluation| * Did that get me dr unk? * Did I like the taste? * Do I want another one? * Did it give me a hangover? | * Did I like the taste? * Was it good value? * Will I buy it again? * Did it get me to the desired level of drunkenness? | Table 2. 0 – The Buying Process of Alcohol in Different Environments. What this application of theory shows, is that there are different factors in play when buying alcohol in a club or pub compared to a supermarket, but the process remains the same. These factors are different mostly due to the environment, information availability, the individual’s intent and marketing strategies. If selling a drink in a club or pub it is more important for your drink to be seen as â€Å"cool† socially and price is less of a factor whereas if selling in a supermarket, your drink needs to be competitively priced yet still demonstrate a level of quality. Question 2 Q.Detail the individual and group influences that are likely to affect someone’s choice of drink brand? A. The Theory Diagram 3. 0 demonstrates the individual and group influencing factors when making a buying decision. Diagram 2. 1 – Factors affecting buying decisions. (Source: Marketing Communications, by John Egan. 2007) Our strongest influences when making a buying decision are our internal beliefs and values. These include Attitude, Perception, Learning, Memory and Motivation. The next in terms of influencing power are Primary Groups. Primary groups are made up of close friends, family and people who you respect. You are affected by these groups by the opinions and values they hold. The next group in terms of influencing power is the Secondary Group. This group is made up of people you know but not closely, or people who you may aspire to be like. Lastly there are influences depending on your Culture, Race or Religion, that will affect your decision when buying something. There are also External factors that include things that are beyond your control, such as Fashion, Law, Time ect. So how do these factors affect someone when buying an alcoholic drink? Well if I was out with my family, I would be unlikely to order shots, as they would not approve, whereas if I was out with close friends, then this would be the opposite. The secondary group has the same effect, but is less powerful in its influence. Question 3 Q. Explain the roles of the various marketing activities described in this case in influencing consumer behaviour. A. In 2000 Bacardi spent ? 14m on a campaign to promote their brand â€Å"Bacardi Breezer†. The reason to do this is to influence people decisions when making a buying decision. Bacardi’s first large campaign was in 1999 when they spent ? 5. 6m. The campaign was headlined with the slogan â€Å"there’s Latin spirit in everyone† aimed at the 18-24 year old market. This campaign was created to give the brand an exotic, cool to be seen drinking appeal and was aimed at the demographic that would most likely be drinking in an environment where these factors we important in their buying decision. This campaign established Bacardi Breezer as one of the major players in the alco-pop industry. Bibliography John Martin, 2010. Organizational Behaviour Management. 4th Revised edition Edition. South Western Educational Publishing. John Martin, 2004. Organizational Behaviour And Management. Edition. Thomson Learning. Laurie J. Mullins, 2006. Essentials of Management and Organisational Behaviour. Edition. FT Press. Isabel Briggs Myers, 1998. Introduction to Type: A Guide to Understanding Your Results on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. 6th Edition. Center for Applications of. Adrian Furnham, 2008. Personality and Intelligence at Work: Exploring and Explaining Individual Differences at Work. 1 Edition. Routledge. Stephen P. Robins, 2010. Organizational Behaviour. 1 Edition. Pearson Books. John Ivancevich, 2010. Organizational Behavior and Management. 9 Edition. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Fund Transfer Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Fund Transfer Pricing - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that commercial banks have two divisions: deposit and lending. The deposit segment accumulates funds from customers. These funds are lent to other customers as loans through the lending division. The interest that banks earn on loans is interest income while interest on deposits is interest expense. The difference between interest income and interest expense is net interest income and is reported on the income statement. It is not a guarantee that all loans are profitable neither do all deposits cause losses. Different deposits have varying values as sources of loans and in the same way, different loans have a varying cost of funding. The main purpose of finance transfer pricing is to measure independently how different sources of funding contribute towards the profitability of banks. Assume a two-year loan financed by a three-month deposit. Assume also that the deposit segment acquires $1,000,000 worth of funds from the customer at a cost of 4%. These funds are passed to the treasury at a funds transfer-pricing rate. Assuming that the rate is 6%, the bank would earn a deposit spread of 2%. The treasury would then pass the funds to the loans department at a funds transfer-pricing rate of 8%. The loans department would then extend the loan to customers at an interest rate of 11%, earning a deposit spread of 3%. On the other side, the treasury would earn a 2% spread for managing the interest rate risk that arises from the mismatch in the maturity of funds. Assigning the funds transfer rate for treasury, the loans and the deposit divisions of the bank decomposes the spread earnings across the three divisions as illustrated in the paper.

International Marketing Plan for Hardee's to Enter Australian Fast Essay

International Marketing Plan for Hardee's to Enter Australian Fast Food Market - Essay Example Because of this enhanced connectivity, consumers all over the world have gained access to a lot of information and this has resulted in the evolution of more demanding consumers. Also, it needs to be highlighted that because of this surge in global connectivity, there has been a tremendous change in the nature of conducting business operations in the various global markets. Spotting the demand coming from the consumers of various diverse geographies, organizations that are located in separate regions and time zones are increasingly considering on the process of significant business expansion. Needless to say, that this new flow of demand from the different geographies have the potential to transform into significant business opportunities for the expanding business organizations in the immediate future. It needs to be mentioned that in this particular case, the popular and growing fast food chain of the American region, the Hardee’s is looking forward to entering the market of Australia for attaining significant business growth while catering to the demand existing for American products in the region. Statement of Marketing Objectives While talking about marketing objectives, it needs to be highlighted that it is a part of the strategic planning process whose main aim and focus is to help the organization to attain a significant growth as well as strong foothold in the targeted market (Fifield, 2007, p. 5.1). The marketing objectives helps in the process of drawing specific marketing oriented goals and targets that needs to be achieved by the organization in the upcoming times. It also helps the organization’s value communication exercises to... This report stresses that the focus is largely on the issues to connect strengths of the company with the potential opportunities that are arising in the market place. It is significantly relevant to acknowledge that the Australian market of fast food promotes the demand for healthy food products, like salads and juices. Now, while highlighting the strengths of the company, it is of considerable importance to focus on the company’s ability to produce differentiated products. It needs to be further focused that the company is the sole producer of the unique and highly health conscious product Charbroiled Burger. By having this healthy product in the food menu, the American fast food chain will be successful in garnering the attention of the health conscious consumers of the Australian region. Now, it also has to be mentioned that the company’s other significant point of strength is related to the issue of marketing. This essay makes a conclusion that it can be said that the global marketing plan has been designed for entering the market of Australia. The American fast food chain, Hardees, has the strengths related to differentiated products and strong marketing tactics. On the other hand, the Australian fast food market provides the opportunity related to growth of healthy eating. It can be said that the entire global marketing plan for Hardees has been designed while trying to plot the strengths of the fast food chain with that of the opportunities present in the market of Australia.